Biology Ch 1-3

These flashcards cover vocabulary and key concepts from Chapter 1 of 'Exploring Life and Science' which focuses on biology, the characteristics of life, levels of organization, and important biological processes.

Biology

The study of living organisms and the environments they live in.

Homeostasis

A constant internal environment that organisms maintain.

Photosynthesis

The process that converts solar energy into chemical energy, primarily in plants.

Metabolism

The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur within a cell or organism.

Evolution

The process by which populations change over time.

Natural Selection

The process through which individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.

Adaptation

A trait that enhances the survival and reproduction of individuals in a particular environment.

Biosphere

The global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships.

Ecosystem

A community plus the physical environment, where living organisms interact with their surroundings.

Organism

An individual living entity composed of organ systems.

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform a specific function.

Population

Organisms of the same species living in a specific area at a given time.

Community

Interacting populations of different species in a specific area.

Domain

The highest taxonomic rank, which classifies life into three groups: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Hypothesis

A possible explanation for an observation or phenomenon that can be tested.

Statistical Significance

A measure of whether results are likely due to chance or representative of a true effect.

Controlled Study

An experiment that includes a control group and one or more experimental groups for comparison.

Cultural Heritage

Activities and items passed down from one generation to the next, including beliefs, values, and skills.

Biodiversity

The variety of life in an area, including the number and variability of species and ecosystems.

Observation- watch and take notes, hypothesis- testable explanation based on prediction, experiment- test hypothesis, collusion- analyze data

Describe each step of the scientific method

It gives a basis of comparison or a certain variable

Why is a controlled study an important part of the experimental design?

Pros-authored by researchers, reviewed by others, cons-based on limited data

Pros and cons of using scientific journals

Technology is the application of the knowledge acquired through science

Explain how new technology differs from a scientific discovery

Humans depend on ecosystems for products

Explain why the conservation of biodiversity is important to human society

12 protons, neutrons, and electrons

List the number of electrons, protons, and neutrons in an atom on magnesium

O16 has 8 and O18 has 10

Determine the number of neutrons found in the isotopes of oxygen O16 and O18

Atoms

In a covalent bond the electrons are shared between ____

A solution with a pH of 3 has a hydrogen ion concentration that is 100 times greater than that of a solution with a pH of 5.

Please elucidate the distinction between a solution with a pH of 5 and a solution with a pH of 3.

Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen

What are the four elements that the body is composed of?

Atomic number

In the periodic table of elements, what is the number on the top of each square?

Atomic mass

On the periodic table, what does the value below the symbol represent?

In the nucleus

Where are positively charged protons and neutrons located?

Organized, acquire materials and energy, homeostatic, respond to stimuli, reproduce and grow, evolutionary history

What are the six basic characteristics of living organisms?

Atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organ, organ system, organism, population, species, community, ecosystem, biosphere

Life is organized from smallest to greatest starting with atoms and ending with biosphere

The nucleus

DNA is stored in _____

Bacteria, archea, eukarya

All life into these three domains

Unicellular and not membrane bound

Prokaryotes are _____ and ______

Multicellular and has membrane

Eukaryotes are ___ and ____

Inductive combines isolated facts into a cohesive world, deductive is if, then logic

Difference between inductive and deductive reasoning

Experimental variable

Contribution of a specific variable

Dependent variable

Due to the experimental variable

Protons

The atomic number is equal to the number of ______

Protons, neutrons

The mass number is the sum of ____ and _____ in the nucleus

A different number of neutrons

Atoms with the same atomic number but a different atomic mass due to ______

C6H12O6

What is the formula for glucose?

Isotopes

Same atomic number but different atomic mass

Compound

If atoms come from different elements, the molecule is a ____

High blood pressure and calcium deficiency

Too much sodium can cause _______ and ______

Structural and molecular

Two types of covalent bonds

Hydrophilic

Water molecules are polar, or in other words _____

1. Liquid at room temp

2. Loses and gains heat slowly

3. High heat of vaporization

4. Less dense when frozen

5. Cohesive and adhesive

6. Universal solvent

What are the six properties of water?

Mole

Unit of measure for atoms, ions, and molecules

Acids

Substances that dissociate in water to release hydrogen ions

Bases

Substances that take up hydrogen ions or release hydroxide ions

2:1

What is the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms?

Long-term energy, insulation against heat loss, cushion around major organs

What are the three main functions of triglycerides?

Phospholipid

Lipid molecule that forms the bilayer of the cells membrane?

Peptide bond

What is the covalent bond between two amino acids called?

Nutrients

Increased surface area in cells increases ______ passed though the cell

Low magnification and can view thin live specimens

Classifications of a compound light microscope

2D, high magnification, no live specimens

Classifications of a transmission electron microscope

3D, high magnification, no live specimens

Classifications of scanning electron microscope

Prokaryotic

Which type of cell lacks a nucleus?

Both

Which cells have a plasma membrane?

Low to high

Active diffusion is _____ concentration to ____ concentration

High to low

Passive diffusion is ____ concentration to ____ concentration

Hydrophobic

In the plasma membrane, _____ tails face inward

Basic unit of life

What is a cell?

Nuclear envelope, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, rough ER, smooth ER, vesicles

What are the six components of the endomembrane system

Protein

Ribosomes systhesize ______

Lipids

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes ______

Nucleolus

Where are ribosomes made?

Vitamins, minerals

Co-enzymes are ____ and co-factors are _____

Glycolysis, krebscycle, ETC

What are the three steps of cellular respiration?

A specialized structure inside a cell that has specific functions

What is an organelle?

Protein and lipid metabolism

ER function

Double membrane with nuclear pores

Nuclear envelope function

Vesicle that digests macromolecules

Lysosome function

Base, buffer

When you have acid you take a ____ to create a. _____

Covalent is sharing electrons, ionic is donating electrons to achieve octate

what is the difference between ionic and colvalent bonds?