History study guide

What does the term 'Swahili' mean?

People of the coast.

Vasco da Gama's raid near Mombasa resulted in what?

Raided and looted ships, visited in 1498, sparking further Portuguese interest.

Why was Mombasa important to Portugal?

It was an extremely valuable trading port.

What was the role of the Portuguese India Armadas?

Established a Portuguese Maritime empire, with fleets leaving annually from 1500 to 1511.

What caused the increased demand for slaves in Portugal?

A labor shortage and the need for labor in sugar plantations.

What did Portugal trade with the Kingdom of Benin?

Gunpowder for slaves.

What was the trade relationship between the Kingdom of Kongo and Portugal?

Kongo traded slaves for economic and political help from Portugal.

Did slavery exist in Africa before the arrival of Europeans?

Yes.

What is a key difference between African slavery and chattel slavery?

In African slavery, slaves were often part of the community and their children were not automatically enslaved.

How did slavery become generational in chattel slavery?

Children of enslaved persons were automatically condemned to slavery.

What were some social consequences of the slave trade in Africa?

Population loss, weakening of societies, and eventual economic and social decline.

What are the principles of mercantilism?

Wealth is finite, measured in gold/silver, and colonies must provide raw materials.

What was the role of joint-stock companies in European expansion?

They reduced risk and facilitated financing for long-distance trade.

What was significant about the English East India Company?

Established in 1600, it yielded a 5000% return on spices and goods.

What rights did the Dutch East India Company possess?

Rights to wage war, negotiate treaties, and establish colonies.

What did Akbar's policies towards Hindus signify?

They were tolerant and inclusive.

What characterized Aurangzeb's policies towards Hindus?

He reinstated policies of religious intolerance.

What rights did women have in the Ottoman Empire?

Rights under Islamic law, including divorce and inheritance.

What was Sultan Bayezid II’s reaction to the expulsion of Jews from Spain?

He sent ships to help evacuate Jews.

What does the term 'Cossacks' refer to?

Warriors living near the Black Sea who were semi-autonomous and sometimes mercenaries.

Who were the Boyars in Russia?

Land-owning nobles serving the royal class.

What was the significance of the Stono Rebellion?

It was the largest and deadliest slave revolt in North America prior to the Revolutionary War.

Who are the Maroons in the Americas?

Ancestors of escaped slaves.

What does the phrase 'You lose your head' refer to?

The consequence for not following the Qing Haircutting Edict.

What does 'Criollos' mean in the context of the Americas?

Europeans born in the Americas.

What does 'Casta' refer to in the Americas?

Those of mixed-race ancestry.

What event led to Ana Nzinga's treaty with Portugal?

The Portuguese set up a trading post in Ndongo and later, she reached a peace agreement in 1621.

Why was Yemelyan Pugachev significant?

He impersonated Tsar Peter III.

What were the Fronde?

A series of civil wars from 1648-1653 opposed by the French nobility.

What was the role of Sultan Bayezid II regarding Spanish-Jewish relations?

He helped evacuate Jews from Spain.

What does 'L’Est, C’est Moi' mean?

I am the state.

What role did land-owning nobles play in Russia?

They served the royal class.

What was the significance of polygamy in African societies?

It increased the population of women and decreased the population of men.

What did Portugal trade with Benin?

Gunpowder for slaves.

What was the historical significance of the Kingdom of Kongo?

King Alfonso was the first vassal king of Kongo to Portugal.

What were the effects of the transatlantic slave trade on Africa’s population?

Population loss, weakening of societies, and overall economic and social decline.

What characterized the Hacienda System and Encomiendas in Latin America?

Large estates granted to conquistadors using coerced labor for profit.