History study guide

  1. Meaning of Swahili: People of the coast

  2. Vasco da Gama’s raid near Mombasa: Raided and looted ships near, visited in 1498 and are the first Europeans to do so, are not welcomed in the city, Sparks further Portuguese interest due to its proximity to Indian Ocean trade

  3. Importance of Mombasa to Portugal: It was an extremely valuable trading port

  4. Portuguese India Armadas: Established a Portuguese Maritime empire, Portuguese fleets left once a year from 1500-1511 to fulfill empire-building missions in Africa and India (and Brazil)

  5. Reason for increased slave demand in Portugal: A labor shortage and for sugar plant

  6. Portugal’s trade with the Kingdom of Benin (what they traded): Portugal traded gunpowder for slaves

  7. Kingdom of Kongo’s trade with Portugal (what they traded): Traded slaves to Portugal in exchange for economic and political help

  8. Did slavery take place in Africa before Europeans arrive: Yes

  9. Differences between African slavery and chattel slavery: In African slavery slaves were sometimes considered part of the household or larger community, children of slaves were not automatically condemned to slavery and slaves were usually a result of captives during conflict and warfare and in chattel slavery an enslaved person was treated as property that could be bought, sold, and inherited

  10. Automatic enslavement of children in chattel slavery: Slavery became generational

  11. Social consequences in Africa due to the slave trade:  Population loss, Weakening of societies, Smaller kingdoms conquered by warlords, Short-term prosperity for African states engaging in the slave trade, Long-term weakening opened them up to European conquest later, and a overall economic and social decline in West and Central Africa

  12. Mercantilism principles: There is a finite amount of wealth in the world, Wealth (capital) is measured in gold and silver, Goals include exporting more than is imported to increase and stockpile wealth, and Colonies were the mother country by providing raw materials and do not engage in trade outside of the mother country

  13. The role of joint-stock companies in European expansion: Formed in the 17th century, Company sold shares that individuals could purchase, This reduced risk and made financing long-distance trade easier, Owners of shares of stock would receive dividend payments but didn't take on the risks of the company (limited liability), and were often backed by a government charter

  14. The English East India Company: Sir Francis Drake’s spices and goods from Southeast Asia yielded a 5000% return in 1580, EIC established in 1600, dissolved in 1874, First voyage of the EIC departed in 1601 on the Red Dragon captained by James Lancaster

  15. The Dutch East India Company: Established in 1602,hHad a charter which granted rights to wage war, negotiate treaties, establish colonies, and create money and the capital was established in Jakarta (Batavia) and was the only European entity allowed to continue trade with Japan

  16. The Swedish East India Company: Operated from 1731 to 1813 for the purpose of trade with China and East Asia

  17. Akbar’s policies toward Hindus: He was tolerant and inclusive to Hindus

  18. Aurangzeb’s policies toward Hindus: He reinstated policies of religious intolerance

  19. Women’s social status in the Ottoman Empire: Women generally occupied the social status of their husbands, they had certain rights under Islamic law such as the right to divorce and the right to inheritance, Suleiman the Magnificent married Roxelana, a slave in his harem, Roxelana became the most powerful woman in the Ottoman Empire and her marriage marked the beginning of the “The Sultanate of Women” in which the wives of sultans had great influence over politics

  20. Sultan Bayezid II reaction to Fredinand expelling Jews from Spain: He sent ships to Spain to help evacuate Jews 

  21. Meaning of Cossacks: Warriors living near the black sea that were semi-autonomous. They sometimes operated as mercenaries

  22. Boyars in Russia: Land-owning nobles who serve the royal class

  23. The Stono Rebellion (location and significance): Slave rebellion in 1739 in the British colony of South Carolina, goal was to make it to Spanish Florida to seek freedom, largest and deadliest slave revolt in North America prior to the Revolutionary War, leaders and participants were captured and many were executed

  24. Maroons in the Americas: Ancestors of escaped slaves

  25. The Frode: French civil wars, sling

  26. You loose your head: The consequence for not following the Qing Haircutting Edict

  27. Conquest dynasty: Manchu was known this since they were not ethicality from China

  28. Criollos: Europeans born in the Americas

  29. Casta in the Americas: Those of mixed-race ancestry

  30. Casta: Means lineage

  31. Boyars: Land-owning nobles who served the royal class

  32. Ana Nzinga’s treaty with Portugal (how did this treaty take place): Portuguese set up trading post in Luanda, Ndongo in 1575, Portugal and its ally, Kongo, took Ndongo territory through war, Ana Nzinga reached a peace agreement with Portugal in 1621, conquers nearby Matamba and allies with the Dutch to repel the Portuguese

  33. Yemelyan Pugachev who did he impersonate: Tsar Peter III

  34. Fronde: Series of civil wars from 1648-1653, French nobility opposed the policies of Cardinal Mazarin, Resistance also came from lower class and peasantry who rebelled against rising taxes and food shortages

  35. The role of Sultan Bayezid II in Spanish-Jewish relations: He sent ships to Spain to help evacuate Jews 

  36. L’Est, C’est Moi: I am the state

  37. Cossacks: Warriors living near the black sea that were semi-autonomous. They sometimes operated as mercenaries

  38. The role of land-owing nobles in Russia: To serve the royal class

  39. Significance of Polygamy in the African context: Increased population of women and decreasing population of men

  40. What did Portuguese trade with Benin: Portugal traded gunpowder for slaves

  41. Portuguese trade in the Kingdom of Kongo: Portuguese gave Kongo economic and political help in exchange for slaves

  42. Historical significance of the Kingdom of the Kongo: King Alfonso was the first vassal king of the Kongo to portugal

  43. Effects of the transatlantic slave trade on Africa’s population: Population loss, weakening of societies, smaller kingdoms conquered by warlords, short-term prosperity for African states engaging in the slave trade, long-term weakening opened them up to European conquest later and overall economic and social decline in West and Central Africa

  44. The Hacienda System and Encomiendas in Latin America: A hacienda was a large estate of land granted to conquistadors which used coerced labor to tend to agriculture within the property. Later, haciendas were largely owned by criollos-people of spanish descent born in Spanish colonies of the Americas, coerced labor for profit