AP World History: Units 5-9 Comprehensive Review

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering the major political, economic, and social developments from the Enlightenment through modern Globalization between $$1750$$ and the present.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement during the late 17th to 18th century that applied new ways of understanding, such as rationalist and empiricist approaches, to both the natural world and human relationships.

Natural Rights

The belief that human beings are born with certain rights such as life, liberty and property, which come from God rather than a monarch, developed during the Enlightenment period in the 17th and 18th centuries.

The Social Contract

The idea popularized in the 17th and 18th centuries that governments are created by the people to protect their natural rights, and that people have the right to overthrow a government that abuses these rights.

Popular sovereignty

The principle that the power to govern is in the hands of the people, emerging prominently during the late 18th century, particularly in the context of the American and French Revolutions.

Liberalism

A political and economic ideology that emerged in the 18th century emphasizing the protection of civil rights, the necessity of a representative government, the protection of private property, and free markets.

Suffrage

The right to vote; Enlightenment effects included the expansion of this right over time, particularly prominent in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Olympe de Gouges

A public advocate for women's rights during the French Revolution who published the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen" in 1791.

Nationalism

A sense of commonality among a people based on shared language, religion, and social customs, often linked with a desire for territory, that became prominent in the 19th century.

Toussaint L’Ouverture

The leader who successfully led the Haitian Revolution against the French from 1791 to 1804, resulting in the first black government in the Western Hemisphere.

Simon Bolivar

A Creole leader who articulated a vision for Latin America during the early 19th century and led various colonies to win independence and form republican governments.

Specialization of labor

A factory production method that became widespread during the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries where workers do the same part of a process repeatedly, rather than mastering the skills to create a whole product.

Meiji Restoration

A period from 1868 to 1912 in Japan where the government sponsored industrialization as a defense against aggressive European countries.

Social Darwinism

The application of the "survival of the fittest" concept to societies and politics in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to justify why industrial nations should dominate non-industrialized ones.

Berlin Conference

A meeting in 1884-1885 of imperial states to negotiate the division of Africa; African states were not invited and had no say in the outcome.

Economic Imperialism

The act of one state extending control over another by economic means, such as Britain's opium trade in China or the United Fruit Company in Latin America during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Export Economies

Colonial economies forced to produce a single good or resource (like cotton, rubber, or palm oil) to serve the interests of imperial parents during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Nativism

A desire to protect the interest of native-born people against minority populations, often rooted in racial and ethnic prejudice, emerging prominently in the late 19th century.

Young Turks

An Ottoman reform group that overthrew the Sultan in 1908 to establish secularized laws and Turkish as the official language during the early 20th century.

Total War

A conflict requiring the mobilization of a country’s entire population, both military and civilian, where civilians are considered legitimate targets, notably applied during World War I and World War II.

Holodomor

Meaning "death by hunger," this refers to the famine in Ukraine caused by Joseph Stalin's collectivization of agriculture from 1932 to 1933 which killed millions.

Fascism

A far-right political philosophy characterized by extreme nationalism, authoritarian leadership, and militaristic means to achieve goals, prominent in Europe during the early to mid-20th century.

Blitzkrieg

A German military tactic used during World War II involving intensive, rapid attacks, specifically used during the invasions of Poland in 1939 and France in 1940.

Cold War

A state of hostility and ideological struggle between the US and the Soviet Union from approximately 1947 to 1991, occurring over 40 years after World War II without open warfare.

Proxy Wars

Conflicts where superpowers support opposing sides in smaller local wars, such as in Vietnam, Korea, or the Angolan Civil War during the Cold War period.

Perestroika

A policy introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985 involving the restructuring of the Soviet economy to reduce central planning, marking a significant reform period in the USSR.

Glasnost

Meaning "openness," this Gorbachev policy allowed for public criticism of the Soviet government and its policies starting in the mid-1980s.

Zionism

A Jewish nationalistic ideology advocating for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine, culminating in significant events from the late 19th century through the mid-20th century.

Apartheid

A system of racial segregation implemented in South Africa by a government representing a small minority of British politicians from 1948 until the early 1990s.

Globalization

The increasing integration of economies, cultures, and populations worldwide, driven by cross-border trade, technology, and investment from the late 20th century into the 21st century.

Green Revolution

An agricultural movement from the 1940s to the late 1960s where scientists applied genetic modification to food to create high-yielding grain crops for the developing world.