drugs and behavior 2

how did amphetamines start?

The Chinese made a medicinal tea from ma huang, which is classified under the genus Ephedra.

active ingredient in ephedra in the chinese medicinal tea ma huang

ephedrine (used to treat asthma)

amohetamines are known as a ______ drug.

sympathomimetic

amphetamines are used in treatment of

Asthma.

•Narcolepsy.

•Hyperactivity in children.

•Appetite suppressant.

Amphetamines were used to increase the efficiency of soldiers in war. in the speed scene, there were many reports of abuses which led to

federal regulation within the concept of dangerous drugs in the 1965 law.

Amphetamines became more tightly controlled, leading to the

increased illicit manufacture of methamphetamine, called crank.

In 2018, approximately 1 million individuals reported current methamphetamine use. 

Less than _____ of those who have ever used the drug will become addicted.

15 percent

Chemical structure of the basic amphetamine molecule is similar to that of the ______ and _______ neurotransmitters, dopamine and norepinephrine.

catecholamine

and

monoamine neurotransmitters

Structure of _______ allows it to easily cross the blood-brain barrier.

methamphetamine

amphetamines produce more peripheral and fewer ______ effects.

central nervous system

Peak effects of Amphetamines occur:

_____ hours after oral ingestion.

•_____ minutes after intranasal administration.

•_____minutes following intravenous injection or smoking.

 

•1 to 1.5 hours after oral injection

5 to 20 minutes after intranasal administration.

•5 to 10 minutes following intravenous injection or smoking.

 

amphetamines have a half life of about _____

and they are completely eliminated within ___ to ___ days

5-12 hours

2 to 3 days

tachyphylaxis

rapid tolerance

Beneficial Uses of Amphetamine

Depression.

•Treatment of choice during the 1950s and early 1960s.

•Now used as an adjunctive therapy.

•Major advantage: Antidepressant effects occur relatively rapidly.

Weight control.

•In the mid-1960s, it was widely used to reduce appetite and food intake for short periods of time.

•Methamphetamine is currently FDA approved.

•Long-term effects on obesity are unclear.

Narcolepsy.

•Uncontrolled daytime episodes of muscular weakness and falling asleep.

•Amphetamines and other stimulants are used to keep patients awake during the day.

•ADHD

Concerns about abuse and side effects have led to other treatment options.

•Suppression of height and weight increases during drug treatment is a drawback of stimulant therapy.

•Data suggest that stimulant therapy is protective against substance abuse.

Stimulant medications can reverse catecholamine-associated deficits that may underlie ADHD.

Amphetamines are also seen as ____ pills as they may improve performance that had been disrupted by fatigue or sleep deprivation at low doses. and they may disrupt complex performances at high doses.

smart pills

T OR F: Amphetamines may produce slight improvements in athletic performance at appropriate doses under some circumstances.

true

Amphetamine: Acute Toxicity

User may become suspicious to the point of paranoia when higher doses are administered for extended periods.

•When this is combined with lack of sleep and poor nutrition, there is even greater concern about the psychological and physical well-being of the person.

Amphetamine: Chronic Toxicity

Paranoid psychosis may result after sustained amphetamine use.

•Paranoid psychosis may result from dopaminergic stimulation, probably in the mesolimbic system.

 

No good evidence for permanent behavioral or personality disruption exists.

Cathinones

Structurally similar to amphetamine.

•Over the past 15 years, the popularity of synthetic cathinones has increased because they produce mood-elevating effects similar to those produced by the classic simulants.

Proof is ______ the percentage of alcohol

TWICE

90 proof whisky is 45% alcohol

Temperance Movement: Benjamin Rush

• Wrote a pamphlet titled “An Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits on

the Mind and Body.”

• Noticed a relationship between heavy drinking and jaundice,

“madness,” and “epilepsy.”

• Believed that hard liquor damaged drinkers’ morality.

• Referred to alcohol addiction as a disease.

The temperance movement

• Initially promoted abstinence from distilled spirits only.

• It became fashionable to “take the pledge” in the early 1800s.

• Later promoted total abstinence

Federal prohibition.

• The ___ Amendment banned the sale of alcohol.

18th

18th Amendment was repealed by the___ Amendment in 1933.

21st

Reasons for alcohol repeal

• Alcohol taxes had been a major source of revenue.

• Concerns that widespread disrespect for the Prohibition law

encouraged a general sense of lawlessness.

Outcomes of the repeal.

• Alcohol per capita

sales and consumption

increased.

• Alcohol consumption

returned to pre-

Prohibition levels after

the Second World War.

• _____ of the adult population label

themselves as alcohol abstainers.

• Half the alcohol is consumed by ___% of

people who drink.

1/3

10%

______ ranks as the state iwth the highest per capita alcohol consumption in the US.

New Hampshire

Blood alcohol concentration, or B A C.

Measure of the concentration of alcohol in blood, which is expressed as a

percentage in terms of grams per 100 milliliters.

more accumulation of fatty tissue means less

body water

Physicians developed a preparation called ______, a combination of strained opium and other ingredients.

laudanum

Percentage of Americans addicted to opioids at the start of the 20th

century was:

As high as 1% of the population. greater than any time ever before

Heroin in Vietnam.

Inexpensive.

• Pure.

• Easy to obtain.

About 5.1 percent of 100,000 personnel tested positive for opioids in 1971.

_____ is the primary ingredient in opium and _____ is the secondary active alkaloid in opium.

Morphine is the primary active ingredient in opium.

 Codeine is a secondary active alkaloid in opium.

A consistent, cognitive effect of marijuana seen in both frequent and non-frequent users is

slowed cognitive processing

A chemical isolated from brain tissue that has marijuana-like effects is called

anandamide

Negative Effects of stimulants on pregnancy and children

Stimulants in pregnancy increase risk for miscarriage .

Stimulants are used for ADHD in children but may stunt growth.

State that ranks as the highest per capita alcohol consumption in the US

New Hampshire

What are terpenes and what group effect do they alter?

oils in the cannabis plant that alter the entourage effect.

2 Primary cannabinoids are:

CBD and THC

Heroin vs. morphine

Heroin is more potent and lipid soluble than morphine and passes through the blood brain barrier easiest.

________ is a type of opioid that is synthetic and typically used for pain management.

Fentanyl

What is increased and seen more of when people are high?

more nonverbal interactions but less verbal interactions (like laughter)

There are ___ chemicals in marijuana. About ____ are cannabinoids.

there are 500 chemicals in marijuana

about 100 are cannabinoids

_______ is a method of growing more potent marijuana. male plants are removed before pollination so the femsle plants produce more flowers and no seeds

sinsemilla

most potent preparation of taking trichome hairs and sticking them together into a resin

hashish

______ is found in toad skin, not psychedelics

bufotenin

anticholinergic psychedelic that has a forked root and is mentioned in the bible

mandrake

substances that can keep a person going both mentally and physically when they are tired. Examples include cocaine and amphetamines, caffeine and nicotine.

stimulants

Doctor WS Halstead (“ father of modern surgery” experimented with the ability of cocaine to produce ________

local anaesthesia

Sigmund Freud studied and recommended the use of cocaine as treatment for __________. why did he later oppose the drug?

depression and morphine dependence

he oppose the drug after trip sitting a friend through cocaine induced psychosis

what are the beneficial uses of cocaine?

it is a local anaesthesia

True or false

cocaine works by only targeting dopamine

false

it’s affects depend on an interaction of multiple neurotransmitters

what are the different routes of administration for cocaine?

1. chewing and sucking coca leaves (slow absorption and onset)

2. snorting (rapid absorption onset)

3. IV injection (very high, concentration, rapid and brief)

what is wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

A chronic mental impairment produced by heavy alcohol use over a long period of time.

(Making up stories of something that didn’t happen in believing it.)

what is alcohol withdrawal syndrome?

what are the four stages of alcohol withdrawal syndrome?

Physical dependence associated with prolonged heavy use of alcohol is revealed when alcohol is stopped.

Distillation

process where a solution containing alcohol is heated in the vapours are collected and made into a liquid.

distilled spirits contain 95% pure ethyl alcohol that is 190 proof

Grain neutral spirits

Clear liquid that is tasteless. It’s solid as ever clear to consumers and used in medicine or research.

what is blood alcohol concentration or BAC

Measure of the concentration of alcohol in the blood expressed as a percentage in terms of grams per 100 mL.

If there is less body water, there’s more accumulation of fatty tissue

90% of alcohol is metabolized in the liver. And about ___ percent of alcohol is excreted in the breath, skin and urine.

2%

large doses of ____ destroy serotonin in the brain

(amphetamine derivative)

MDMA