AP Psychology Unit 4,5,6 Review

a person's place in these statuses reflects the degree to which that person has explored their options and made firm commitments mostly having to do with occupations, religions & political positions.

1. Foreclosure 2. Identity Diffusion 3. Moratorium 4. Identity Achievement

James Marcia's 4 Identity Statuses -

One of James Marcia's 4 Identity Statuses

- people in this state have begun to experiment but they are still weighing their options and have not yet achieved (or decided on) an identity. These are people in college who have not yet declared a major but are taking all the general education courses and exploring what they may want to do with the rest of their lives which will determine what to eventually major in. They are considered in an identity crisis.

Moratorium

Identity foreclosure

1.Regarding states of identity development, the state in which individuals adopt the positions of others, such as parents is:

-Identity diffusion?
-Identity foreclosure?
-Identity moratorium?
-Identity achievement?

One of James Marcia's 4 Identity Statuses

-people in this state have never experienced an identity crisis, however, they have prematurely established an identity. For instance, a person who chooses to follow along with the religious beliefs of their parents without exploring any other religious beliefs is in a state of foreclosure. Foreclosure is a status with no exploration and an identity has been achieved. Think of foreclosing on a house. When you foreclose on a house you give up and no longer try. When you foreclose on an identity you don't put any effort into exploring your options and you settle.

Foreclosure

One of James Marcia's 4 Identity Statuses

- people in this state have not found an identity and they have not put effort into exploration of identities. They may have experienced identity crisis but were unable to resolve it.

Identity Diffusion

One of James Marcia's 4 Identity Statuses

- this is a state of having decided on an identity and having done it after careful consideration and exploration of options.

Identity Achievement

Identity moratorium

Rick is a 30-year old male. He has an undergraduate degree in psychology. He also went back to school to obtain a nursing degree. He enrolled in an MBA program but then dropped out to go to Massage school. He now works at a massage therapy spa but has started training to become a professional bi-athlete. From this description, it appears that Rick is likely in which state of identity development?
-Identity diffusion?
-.Identity foreclosure?
-.Identity moratorium?
-.Identity achievement?

A mother who consistently responds supportively to her infant's cries for care and protection is most likely to encourage (what type of attachment)?

Secure Attachment

Mabel literally gets caught with her hand in the cookie jar while trying to sneak cookies as a snack when house rules say she cannot have them. She defends her actions by saying that "I believe the family rule against snacks violates my rights of self-regulation and self-determination." According to Kohlberg, what moral stage is she in?

Postconventional

Which parenting style is MOST correlated with confident, competent, self-directed children?

Authoritative

Who developed the Zone of proximal development: the zone between what a child can and can't do.

Lev Vygotsky

Harry Harlow conducted an experiment in which infant monkeys were placed in an enclosure with two artificial mothers. The first mother was made of cloth and provided contact comfort but no food. The second mother was made of wire and provided food but no contact comfort. This statement BEST summarizes Harlow's conclusion? ___________.

The monkeys had an innate need for attachment developed through physical contact with the cloth mother

Having been told that Syd is an engineer and Fran is an elementary school teacher, when Arnold meets the couple for the first time, he assumes that Syd is the husband and Fran is the wife, rather than the opposite, which is the case. This best illustrates:

the representativeness heuristic

Doug wrote a grocery list of 10 items, but leaves it at home. The list included in order: peas, corn, squash, onions, apples, pears, bananas, flour, milk, and eggs. In the example above, which of the items would be recalled in Doug's short-term memory immediately after writing the list?

flour, milk, eggs

Unlike B. F. Skinner, Noam Chomsky believes that children

are hard-wired for language acquisition

What type of sensory receptors would play a role in quickly alerting you to a gas leak in your car?

olfactory receptors

Mr. Krohn, a carpenter, is frustrated because he misplaced his hammer and needs to pound in the last nail in the bookcase he is building. He overlooks the fact that he could use the tennis trophy sitting above the workbench to pound in the nail. Which concept best explains why Mr. Krohn overlooked the trophy?

functional fixedness

According to Kohlberg's theory, postconventional morality requires thinking at Piaget's

formal operational level

According to social learning theory, gender identity is
I. a process which occurs when young children unconsciously identify with the same-sex parent.
II. a result of being positively reinforced for acting in ways that conform to male and female roles.
III. learned through observing and imitating role models like their parents.

II and III only

Mr. Hernandez explains to his son that the speed limit is 55 mph. He tells him to stay under the speed limit when driving because it's the law and will probably prevent accidents. Kohlberg's level of morality illustrated by this example is

conventional

Dorothy just celebrated her 90th birthday with her close friends, and is excited about a visit from her grandchildren. According to Erikson, she has probably most recently achieved

integrity

Researchers were interested in studying the effects of divorce on children. Their study included 250 4-year-olds. Interviews and family observations were conducted 6 months, 2 years, 5 years, and 10 years after the initial interviews and observations. Which method did the researcher use?

longitudinal

Who created the strange situation assessment to study attachment theories?

Mary Ainsworth

Who believed moral development was the thoughts, behaviors, and feelings regarding standards of right and wrong?

Lawrence Kohlberg

The branch of psychology that focuses on the physical, mental, and social changes that occur throughout the life cycle is called

Developmental Psychology

During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a(n)

zygote to an embryo to a fetus

Jean Piaget studied how children develop their abilities to think, know, and remember. Together, these abilities are called ___________.

Cognition

Three-year-old Bert, who lives in Alaska where moose roam freely, has learned the schema for moose. When his family visits his cousin Michael on a horse farm, Bert modifies his schema for large, shaggy animals to include horses. This process is called ___________.

Accommodation

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information is called a(n)...

Schema

Chase is a fourth-grade student who works very hard in school, gets good grades, and is a star player on his soccer team. According to Erik Erikson's theory of development, which stage of development is Chase successfully navigating?

Industry vs Inferiority

Bill is in his mid-forties. He has a job he does not enjoy, but he doesn't know how to make a change. He recently was divorced and has not found a new relationship. Which of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development is Bill likely experiencing?

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Jamilla systematically tried each successive key on her dad's key ring until she found the one that unlocked his office door. This best illustrates problem solving by means of___________.

An Algorithm

Despite overwhelming and highly publicized evidence that Senator McEwan was guilty of serious political corruption and misconduct, many who had supported her in past elections remained convinced of her political integrity. Their reaction best illustrates___________.

Belief Perseverance

After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his ________ memory.

Short-Term

Your ability to immediately recognize the voice over the phone as your mother's illustrates the value of ___________.

Acoustic Encoding

To remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Susan often relates it to her own life experiences. Susan's strategy is an effective memory aid because it facilitates ___________.

Semantic Encoding

Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates
___________.

Proactive Interference

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

Developmental Psychology

a fertilized egg

Zygote

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

Fetus

stage in prenatal development from 2 to 8 weeks

Embryo

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

teratogens

The strong bond (social-emotional) a child forms with his or her primary caregiver.

Attachment

the internally programmed growth of a child

Maturation

the process of assimilating new ideas into an existing cognitive structure

Assimilation

in the theories of Jean Piaget: the modification of internal representations in order to accommodate a changing knowledge of reality

Accommodation

the first stage in Piaget's theory, during which the child relies heavily on innate motor responses to stimuli

Sensorimotor Stage

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Object Permanence

the second stage in Piaget's theory, marked by well-developed mental representation and the use of language

Preoperational Stage

In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.

Egocentrism

the third of Piaget's stages, when a child understands conversation but still is incapable of abstract thought

Concrete Operational Stage

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Conservation

individuals characteritc manner of behavior or reaction assumed to have a strong genetic basis

Temperament

the time period between the beginning of puberty and adulthood

Adolescence

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

Primary Sex Characteristics

Physical features that are associated with gender but that are not directly involved in reproduction.

Secondary Sex Characteristics

In Piaget's theory, the fourth stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Formal Operational Stage

developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; "The Strange Situation": observation of parent/child attachment

Mary Ainsworth

neo-Freudian; 8 psychosocial stages of development: . Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"

Erik Erikson

She studied girls and women and found that they scored different on Kohlberg's scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles.

Carol Gilligan

development, contact/creature comfort, attachment; experimented with baby rhesus monkeys and presented them with cloth or wire "mothers;" showed that the monkeys became attached to the cloth mothers because of contact comfort

Harry Harlow

moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why?

Lawrence Kohlberg

researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting; Lorenz' Geese

Konrad Lorenz

Cognitive Psychologist; Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational.

Jean Piaget

a medical condition in which body deformation or facial development or mental ability of a fetus is impaired because the mother drank alcohol while pregnant

Fetal alcohol syndrome

a general accommodation to unchanging environmental conditions (pic is Piaget)

Habituation

In observational learning, a generalized idea that captures the important components, but not every exact detail. Pertaining to memory and person perception, a generalized idea about objects, people, and events that are encountered frequently.

Schema

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

Stranger Anxiety

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

Critical Period

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

Basic Trust

a sense of one's identity and personal worth

Self Concept

The process of developing the behaviors, thoughts, and emotions associated with a particular gender.

Gender Typing

in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.

Gender

a potent androgenic hormone produced chiefly by the testes

Testosterone

the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group

Role

your identity as it is experienced with regard to your individuality as male or female

Gender Identity

the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "who am I?" that comes from our group memberships

social identity

For some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to early twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

emerging adulthood

the time in a woman's life in which the menstrual cycle ends

menopause

one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

crystallized intelligence

one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

fluid intelligence

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

social clock

an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning; acetylcholine deficiency

alzheimers disease

the overt expression of attitudes that indicate to others the degree of your maleness or femaleness

gender role

name for a controversy in which it is debated whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior

Nature vs. Nurture

the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view

object permanence

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

schema

Jennifer, a four year old, mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of

Egocentrism

the powerful survival impulse that leads infants to seek closeness to their caregivers is called

attachment

initiative vs. guilt

As a preschooler, Emma has developed a number of cognitive and social skills that she will use to assume responsibility. According to Erik Erikson, what stage of psychosocial development is Emma in?

finding a more purposeful life as an adult

According to Eric Erickson, what is one major conflict teenagers deal with during the identity versus role confusion stage of psychosocial development?

industry vs. inferiority

According to Erickson, a child who is learning the importance of academic success in school based on receiving a report card is in what psychosocial stage?

stagnation

I am in my early fifties. Having already established my career, I now focus on nurturing the young and making contributions to society. If I fail to do so, Erickson argues I will experience...

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Which is the correct order of the five stages of dealing with death or loss?

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross

Which of the following psychologists formulated a stage theory addressing psychological processes surrounding for death (grief)?

cross-sectional

This type of research examines various groups of people the same age at the same time...

critical period

A time of special sensitivity to a specific type of learning is known as a(n)

longitudinal

When a group of the same-age people is studied over an extended period of time describes _________ research

postconventional

In this level of moral development, moral judgements are based on personal standards for right and wrong..]

preconventional

In this level of moral development, moral understanding is based on ] rewards, punishments, and the rewards, punishments, and the exchange of favors