Joints and Movement / Integumentary System

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering joint classifications, synovial joint types, body movements, arthritis varieties, and the anatomy and pathology of the integumentary system.

-itis

Inflammation of.

Joints

Functional junctions between bones that bind elements of the skeleton together, enable body movement and bone growth, and permit the skull to change shape during childbirth.

Synarthrotic

A functional classification of joints meaning immovable.

Amphiarthrotic

A functional classification of joints meaning slightly movable.

Diarthrotic

A functional classification of joints meaning freely movable; includes all six major groups of synovial joints.

Syndesmosis

A type of amphiarthrotic fibrous joint where bones are strapped together by sheets or bundles of connective tissue, usually with a broad attachment.

Suture

A synarthrotic fibrous joint found between flat bones where a ligament joins the bones and the edges are typically convoluted.

Gomphosis

A synarthrotic fibrous joint consisting of a cone-shaped process, such as a tooth, attached to a bony socket.

Synchondrosis

A synarthrotic cartilaginous joint where hyaline cartilage unites bones, such as the growth plate joining the epiphyses to the diaphysis or the joint between the 1st rib and manubrium.

Symphysis

An amphiarthrotic cartilaginous joint consisting of a thin layer of hyaline cartilage with a pad of fibrocartilage, such as intervertebral disks or the pubic symphysis.

Articular cartilage

Hyaline cartilage covering the articulating ends of bones over the subchondral plate in synovial joints.

Ligaments

Thickened areas of the fibrous capsule in synovial joints that connect bone to bone.

Synovial membrane

The inner layer of a synovial joint capsule made of loose connective tissue that secretes synovial fluid for lubrication, nutrients, and shock absorption.

Meniscus

A pad of fibrocartilage attached to the joint capsule used for cushioning and stability.

Bursae

Fluid-filled sacs located around joints, such as the prepatellar or infrapatellar bursa in the knee.

Ball-and-socket joint

A multiaxial synovial joint consisting of a cup-shaped socket and a rounded head, allowing movement in all planes plus rotation; examples include the hip and shoulder.

Condyloid (Ellipsoid) joint

A biaxial synovial joint with an ovoid condyle and elliptical cavity that allows movement in many planes but NO rotation; example: metacarpal and phalanx.

Plane (Gliding) joint

A uniaxial synovial joint with flat-ish articular surfaces that allows sliding, back-and-forth movements, and some twisting.

Hinge joint

A uniaxial synovial joint with a concave socket and convex condyle restricted to movement in one plane.

Pivot joint

A uniaxial synovial joint where the cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within a ring formed of bone and a ligament, allowing rotation only.

Saddle joint

A biaxial synovial joint with concave and convex condyles on both articular surfaces, allowing movement restricted to two planes.

Dorsiflexion

Movement where the top of the foot is brought closer to the ankle.

Plantar flexion

Movement where the top of the foot is moved further from the ankle.

Abduction

Movement away from the midline.

Adduction

Movement towards the midline.

Supination

Movement of the wrist where the palm faces anteriorly or up (anatomical position).

Pronation

Movement of the wrist where the palm faces posteriorly or down.

Protraction

Moving a body part forward.

Retraction

Moving a body part backward.

Eversion

Movement of the ankle outward.

Inversion

Movement of the ankle inward.

Lateral excursion

Moving the mandible to the right or left of the midline.

Iliofemoral ligament

Identified as the strongest ligament in the hip joint.

Sprain

Overstretching of a joint where ligaments or tendons may be stretched or partially torn, but bones are not displaced.

Osteoarthritis

Degeneration of articular cartilage caused by 'wear and tear,' typically affecting most used or weight-bearing joints for which pain increases throughout the day.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

An autoimmune illness causing inflammation and damage to the synovial membrane and articular cartilage, typically causing stiffness that is worst in the morning.

Gouty Arthritis

Acute, painful arthritis characterized by the formation of crystals in joint fluid, often affecting the first MTP (great toe), knee, or elbow.

Epidermis

The superficial layer of skin composed of stratified squamous epithelium; it is avascular and receives blood flow from the dermis.

Stratum basale

The deepest epidermal layer consisting of a single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells; it is the site of high mitotic activity where keratinocyte stem cells divide about every $19$ days.

Stratum spinosum

An epidermal layer consisting of $8$ to $10$ layers of cells containing dendrocytes (Langerhans cells) to capture pathogens.

Stratum granulosum

An epidermal layer of $2$ to $5$ layers of flattened cells where keratinization begins and protein granules of keratohyalin accumulate.

Stratum lucidum

A thin, clear zone of dead keratinocytes found only in the thick skin of the palms and soles.

Stratum corneum

The most superficial epidermal layer consisting of $25$ or more layers of dead, overlapping keratinized squamous cells.

Melanocytes

Cells found in the stratum basale and dermis that produce melanin packaged into melanosomes to protect nuclei from ultraviolet light.

Albinism

A lack of skin, hair, and eye pigment.

Psoriasis

A benign condition characterized by significantly increased rates of cell division and keratinization, resulting in grey plaques.

Melanoma

The most dangerous form of skin cancer, accounting for $4\%$ of cases but $80\%$ of skin cancer deaths; it metastasizes early.

ABCDE signs of cancer

Asymmetric, Border (irregular), Color (uneven), Diameter ($> 6\,mm$), and Elevation or Evolution.

Dermal papillae

Projections of the dermis into the epidermis that form the basis of fingerprints.

Pacinian corpuscles

Nerve endings in the skin that sense pressure.

Meissner’s corpuscles

Nerve endings in the skin that sense light touch.

Arrector pili

Smooth muscle attached to each hair follicle responsible for 'goose bumps'.

Sebaceous glands

Holocrine glands associated with hair follicles that produce sebum to soften and waterproof the skin.

Merocrine (eccrine) glands

The most common type of sweat gland used for cooling the body, typically located on the forehead, back, and neck.

Apocrine glands

Sweat glands that activate at puberty in the axilla and groin; they open into hair follicles and produce secretions that cause odor when acted upon by bacteria.

Ceruminous glands

Modified sweat glands that produce earwax.

Conduction

The transfer of body heat to surrounding objects.

Convection

The regulation of temperature through circulating air due to heating.

Second-degree burn

A burn that destroys some epidermis and damages the dermis, often resulting in blistering.

Third-degree burn

A burn that destroys both the epidermis and the dermis, resulting in white or charred skin; it often requires grafting.