Human Bio Chapter 1-9

A(n) ____ is formed when two atoms share electrons

covalent bond

A covalent bond is one in which _____.

electrons are shared

Radioactive isotopes have

excess neutrons

Isotopes of an element have the same ____, but different _____.

atomic mass; atomic numbers

Magnesium has 12 proteins. How many electrons are in its third energy level?

2

A mad scientist has ripped apart an atom of Carbon and collected all the subatomic particles located in the nucleus of the atom. Which one of the following has he collected?

protons and neutrons

Magnesium has 12 protons. How many electrons are in its first energy level?

2

Atom Y has 11 protons, 11 electrons, and 12 neutrons. What is the mass number of Atom Y?

23

Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY describes the relationship between an atom and an element

An atom is the smallest unit of an element that demonstrates all of the properties of that element.

If a molecule consists of two or more different kinds of atoms, it is a(n)

compound

Oils are

both liquid at room temperature in their natural state and unsaturated fats

The atom associated with organic compounds is

carbon

The difference in hydrogen ion concentration between solutions with pH 7 and pH 5 is

pH 5 has 100 times more hydrogen ions than pH 7

Chemicals like bicarbonate that resist pH change are called ____.

buffers

Water solubility is due to its ______ that facilitates chemical dissolution. This makes water the universal solvent.

polarity

Polyunsaturated fats

have fewer hydrogens than saturated fats

Glycerol and fatty acids are the building blocks for

fats (triglycerides)

_____ are a common fuel nutrient that has triglyceride as a storage form.

lipids

Plants store their excess carbohydrates in the form of

starch

Glycogen is a polysachharide used for energy storage by

animals

The macromolecules that function as the genetic material and are involved in proten coding are

nucleic acids

Substances that donate hydrogen ions (protons) to a solution are called

acids

The chemical compound that is represented by the acronym ATP

is both is synthesized using energy released during the breakdown of food molecules and is a common temporary form of immediately usable energy within cells.

What sort of bond exists within a water molecule?

polar covalent bond

What properties of water are present because of hydrogen bonds

All of the above

____ bonds hold the hydrogens to the oxygen within a water molecule, and ____ bonds attract one water molecule to other water molecules.

covalent; hydrogen

Which is responsible for protein synthesis?

ribosomes

Which of these cells would most likely have the largest number of mitochondria?

muscle cells

The rough ER contains

ribosomes

Lysosomes

are described by all of these answers

Membrane proteins function as

all of these.

Secretory vesicles are produced by

the golgi apparatus

A lysosome is an example of a cellular organelle.

True

A cell that was producing large amounts of lipoproteins (proteins combined with lipids) for secretion from the cell would have numbers of

Golgi apparatus

Endoplasmic reticulum is best described as a

network on interconnected membranes

What is found within the cell’s nucleus?

all of these

The phospholipid molecules of most membranes have

a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails.

According to the text, which components of the cell membrane are primarily involved in the recognition of self?

Glycolipids and carbohydrates attached to integral proteins

What happens when a cell does not display the correct “self” chemical markers on its membrane?

The immune system may trigger a response against the cell

Movement of a molecule against a concentration gradient is

active transport

In an attempt to visualize the fluid mosaic model of a membrane, we could describe the _____ as floating in a sea of _____.

proteins; lipid

Which of the following cellular processes requires the greatest expenditure of cellular energy?

active transport

A cell suspended in an environment of a hypertonic solution will react how?

the cell will shrink because the environment has more solute than the cell has, therefore less water than the cell has and water leaves the cell to follow its concentration gradient

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called what?

osmosis

The method of movement that requires the expenditure of ATP molecules is

active transport

Which statement is true?

A cell placed in a hypotonic solution will swell.

If a plasma membrane were compared to a sandwich, ____ would be considered the filling

hydrophobic tails

Which is derived from connective tissue?

All of these.

Which is a multinucleated cell?

skeletal muscle fiber

Neuroglial cells are associated with

neurons

Actin and myosin are found in

muscle

Which of the following are cellular fragments?

blood platelets

Glands are made of

epithelial cells

Which tissue covers surfaces and lines cavities

epithelial

Intestinal muscle is

smooth and involuntary

The hemoglobin in red blood cells carries what to the cells?

oxygen

State one of the three basic names of epithelial tissue

squamous

The ____ only transfers food

esophagus

The ____ finishes digesting all food.

small intestine

Chemical digestion begins in the

mouth

The _____ digests mainly protein

stomach

The _____ contains pepsin

stomach

The _____ digests only starch

mouth

The ______ absorbs nutrients

small intestine

Why doesn’t hydrochloric acid (HCI) directly damage the stomach lining?

Because mucus, bicarbonate ions, and tight junctions protect the epithelial cells

What is the first portion of the small intestine?

duodenum

Organisms that produce their own food by using the energy of the sun are called what?

autotrophs

Inadequate vitamin B12 can be the cause for

pernicious anemia

Erythrocytes

contain large quantities of hemoglobin

The most common (the majority of) formed elements in the blood are

erythrocytes (red blood cells)

______ converts fibrinogen to fibrin threads during hemostasis

Thrombin

A person with blood type B blood has which kind of antibody?

A

The extrinsic pathway of hemostasis is initiated by

tissue factor

Erythrocyte production

both occurs in red bone marrow and is stimulated by erythropoietin are both correct statements

What is the role of the platelets?

blood clotting

Which white blood cell is primarily responsible for parasite protection?

eosinophils

What is the average life span of a erythrocyte?

120 days

Blood type is determined by

antigens on red blood cells

A person with blood type O has which antigen?

Neither A nor B

Which white blood cell is primarily responsible for parasite protection?

eosinophils

Which blood type is the universal donor?

O

Persons with impaired kidney function may develop anemia. This is because

less erythropoietin is released from the kidneys

The iron carried in the hemoglobin of damaged/dead red blood cells ends up

both being carried to the liver for storage and returned to bone marrow for new RBC production

Which vessels would have a high oxygen content?

aorta and pulmonary vein

________ are thick walled

arteries

Where is the blood pressure the greatest?

arteries

The left atrium

receives blood from lungs

The pulmonary vein:

all of the above

The aorta

carries blood toward the body tissues

What initiates the heartbeat?

SA node

True or False: Even single-celled organisms have a circulatory similar to humans

False

What prevents blood from flowing backwards in veins?

Valves

The heart sounds are due to the

valves closing

Systole refers to

contraction

Which of the following represents the correct sequence when tracing the path of blood from the superior vena cana to the lungs?

right atrium, AV value, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary artery

_____ handle exchange of material with the tissue cells.

Capillaries

Our respiratory surface is covered with which cells that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to exchange?

epithelial cells

In which cavity are the lungs found?

thoracic cavity

Which gas is required for aerobic respiration?

Oxygen

What does cellular respiration produce?

ATP