NARRATIVE ULTIMATE TERMS LES GOOO

aptronymic

a name that makes a person’s job/character

different from a euonym which refers to a name well suited to a character

hypallage

a description that creates a connection between 2 things that aren’t normally connected

declension listing

listing all the different forms a word can take → e.g. he, him,

demagogic

appealing to the emotional rather than the rational

internal vs. external focalisation:

internal focaliser → a character whose thoughts and emotions the story is filtered → young Jane, young Pip

external focaliser → no inner thoughts → old Pip, older Jane

what is third-person limited focalisation?

the story through a character’s perceptions and thoughts, even though the narration uses third-person voice

→ a 3rd person narrator can hear a character’s inner monologue

→ Harry Potter

ignominious meaning

deserving public shame

interlocutor

the person with whom you are having a conversation

free indirect discourse

when a character’s thoughts blend seamlessly into the narration

antimetabole

an inversion of repeated words:

chiasmus

antimetabole → but with similar ideas, not the same words

Adam, first of men,to first of women, Eve

künstlerroman

subgenre of bildungsroman emulating the development of the artist

third-person limited discourser vs. free indirect discourse

‘how have I become so late, he thought.’

he was late. How could he have wasted so much time?’

deux ex machina

an unexpected power or event recovering a seemingly hopeless situation

what is sparagmos?

being torn limb from limb

omophagia

consumption of raw flesh

theatrizomai

verb to be held up to shame

agonistes

a combatant or person engaged in a struggle

hubris

excessive pride

what is hamartia?

error through ignorance

hamartano

to fail one’s purpose

peripeteia

a reversal, a sudden change

anagnorisis

a sudden reveal/revelation

ekstasis

to stand aside

katharsis

cleansing, purification, purgation

cogent

clear, logical

what did Nietzsche believe about tragedy

Tragedy is an antidote to pessimism - intensity of living and life affirming

what is the Religion: the Opium of the People?

Marx’s idea that religion keeps people happy but lazy

why did tragedy peter out in the Roman Empire?

people wanted to see real gore not fictionalised

In a Christian point of view, suffering would be..

celebrated!

epistrophe

repetition of a word at the end of a clause in speeches or essays

see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil

absurdism

Albert Camus - finding meaning in the universe is futile as we will never know if we are right - much better to embrace uncertain nature of the world and live

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner + tragedy:

• the mariner reaches a point of epiphany, uttering a blessing so that the corpse of the albatross he killed falls aways from his neck

• in telling his tale to the wedding guest, he is left some peace

• the mariner is condemned to wander, and compulsively repeat his tale

• “a nightmare life in death” won his soul

• + the crew all die because of his wanton killings of the albatross

The Cenci (1819)by Persey Bysshe Shelley

• written in 1819 → published 1922

• rape of Beatrice Cenci by her aristocratic father

• she kills him

• condemned to death for patricide

• could be seen as revisiting + developing (with less sensationalism) the concerns of she-tragedy

what did T.J Reiss say about when tragedy occurs?

“at moments of precarious social and political consolidation”

• Renaissance marks the death of feudalism + the beginning of capitalism

• German rebirth marks the transition from feuding principalities to a unified empire: German confederation of 1815 to unified Germany of the 1860s

who brought the printing press to England? when?

Caxton in 1470s

which religious group encouraged literacy in the 17th century?

Puritans → they wanted people, even women, to read the Bible → except this just meant that people could read what they wanted…

who established the novel as a vehicle for tragedy?

Samuel Richardson → Clarissa or The History of the Young Lady

• Heroine = Clarissa Harlow

• Her family have recently come into money, and want property. They inherit a property that is a bargaining counter + her family want her to marry Lovelace (note loveless) but her brother wants her property + they duel. Clarissa runs away with Lovelace + her rapes her then asks to marry her. She says no, dying of illness + of full Christian faith.

•  Lovelace is fatally wounded in a duel with her cousin

• Clarissa's family repent too late.

• The concerns that Richardson establishes are bourgeois - they belong to the middle and upper classes, exploring social reputation etc.

• The concerns into which Richardson trapped remained perennial.

• The female protagonist became important.

what can novels offer tragedy?

uncertainty!

• on stage, the tragedy is explicit → and everything is literal.

• novels offer a way for writers to explore ambiguities + uncertainties

• and readers can get inside people’s thoughts → in a way that before they couldn’t!!

The Charge of the Light Brigade → the poem v the photo

• Tennyson’s poem

• The Valley of the Shadow of Death - Roger Fenton

  • the photo was found to be staged, with cannonballs placed there to make the photo sell

• aren’t both poem and photo sensationalism?

modernism is also sometimes called…

“the loss of the grand narrative”

how did mimesis shift during the period of Modernism?

from the world per se, to the world as perceived → no longer transcribing reality

it could be argued that art inevitably…

aestheticizes

contemporary tragedy is (animalistic adjective)

chameleonic

adaptive reading

one of three fundamental modes of interpretation

free from concerns for overreading or underreading to fresh adaptations of a story in either same or different medium (e.g. film adaptations)

analepsis

a flashback

prolepsis

a flashforward (or forward sequence)

Chronotope

the way narrative time ‘thickens’ as it moves along

constituent events

events essential to the forward movement of the story

supplementary events

events not necessary to the movement of the story itself

electronic narrative

narrative forms that take advantage of computer and online tech to achieve effects unique to these medias

extradiagetic narration

when the narrator sits outside the action itself

symptomatic reading

reading a text as symptomatic of the author’s unconscious or unacknowledged state of mind

temporal structure

how to the time of the narrative discourse relates to the time in the story

what are the two ways of telling a story according to Plato

diegesis (told)

mimesis (acted)

focalization

the position or quality of consciousness through which we see events in the narrative

forking path narrative

a narrative in which two or more incompatible owrls cohabit in the same diegetic level

intentional reading

an interpretation that seeks to understand a text in terms of the intended meanings of its author

metalepsis

a violation of narrative levels where the diegesis (or story world) is invaded by an entity from another narrative level

mimesis

the imitation of an action by performance

paratext

material outside the narrative that is connected to it e.g. an epigraph or the title

fabula

the chronological sequence of events in the story

sjuzet

the ordering of the story into a narrative structure