BIO Final Exam

Which of the following is not a level of organization in the vertebrate body?

bones

Which of the following are the fundamental embryonic tissues called the "germ layers"?

mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm

In adult vertebrates, which of these is not one of the four principal kinds of primary tissues?

supportive

It's the ninth inning, and the bases are loaded. As the pitcher winds up to throw the ball, how does each tissue in his arm contribute to this critical pitch? The_________ of his fingers grips the ball. His_________ sends instructions that trigger his_________ to contract. His_________ provides stability and transmits the force produced.

epithelial tissue; nerve tissue; muscle tissue; connective tissue

What are epithelial cells with a flat, irregular shape and tapered edges called?

squamous

A friend asks you how exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands. She knows that both form from epithelium. How do you respond?

Endocrine glands produce hormones which enter the blood stream, while exocrine glands secrete sweat and oil directly to the surface of the skin.

In humans, which of these structures is not made of cartilage?

knee cap

Vertebrate locomotion results from the contraction of muscles anchored to what other tissue?

bone

A scientist is trying to coax stem cells to differentiate into muscle to use as a therapy for muscular dystrophy. He looks at his Petri dish and is excited to see the cells contracting! The cells appear striated and multinucleate. What type of muscle are they?

skeletal muscle

Which term refers to muscles that are attached to bones, and cause bones to move at their joints when they contract?

skeletal muscles

Which of the following types of muscles are striated?

skeletal and cardiac

Which muscle contraction is involuntary?

cardiac and smooth

What are the cells that are specialized to produce and conduct electrochemical impulses called?

neurons

Which of the following systems is NOT directly involved with regulation and maintenance of the body's chemistry?

the reproductive system

A couple is having difficulty conceiving a child, and they decide to see a fertility specialist. Which two organ systems will the specialist examine in this couple?

reproductive and endocrine systems

Some animals allow their body temperature to conform to the environment. What is the old term for these animals, and what is the newer preferred term?

poikilotherms; ectotherms

A member of your study group is unfamiliar with cnidarians and is struggling with understanding the difference between cnidarian polyps and medusae. Which of the following statements is not true?

A species contains either polyps or medusae, but not both.

Predict what would occur if the nematocysts of a cnidarian were no longer able to function.

Food capture would cease.

Which one of the following features is NOT unique to animals?

cells a rigid wall

Which one of the following terms applies to the phylum Cnidaria?

radial symmetry

Parazoa

have no true tissues.

Molecular data confirm that cnidarians branched off from the rest of animals before_________ evolved.

bilateral symmetry

Although it is recognized that segmentation is more widespread than previously thought, traditionally segmentation was said to be found in

Arthropoda, Annelida, and Chordata.

Which of the following terms is mismatched with its meaning or characteristics?

Diploblastic—ectoderm and mesoderm

Damage to its flagellum would prevent a choanocyte from

circulating water through the sponge.

Touching a jellyfish can be a very painful experience whereas touching a comb jelly is not painful. Why is there a difference?

Ctenophores do not possess nematocysts.

How could a biologist distinguish an acoel flatworm from a free living platyhelminth?

The acoel worm would be solid throughout, since it lacks a gut.

Of the following features, which is the most widely shared in the animal kingdom?

a body plan with symmetry

The embryonic layer found only in bilaterally symmetrical eumetazoans is the_________.

Mesoderm

Animals with a body cavity located between the mesoderm and endoderm are_________.

Pseudocoeloate

Of the following combination of statements about protostomes and deuterostomes, which choice is correct?

Protostomes are animals in which the mouth develops from the blastopore, and the anus or anal pore develops from the second opening. Deuterostomes are animals in which the anus develops from the blastopore and the mouth develops secondarily later in their development.

Protostomes develop through

spiral cleavage.

In animals that display indeterminate development

early embryonic cells, if separated from the embryo, can develop into complete organisms.

Solid worms that lack a body cavity are known as

acoelomates.

An entomologist observed a locust sitting on a branch pumping its abdomen like an accordion. What is the insect most likely doing?

Assisting gas exchange in the tracheal system

Scorpions have a prosoma, pedipalps that are modified into claws, and chelicerae. Which taxonomic group are they a member of?

Chelicerata

Which arthropod group has 6 legs and 3 distinct body regions?

Hexapoda

Interoctopus communication is facilitated by

chromatophores

Inside its beak, an octopus has a rasping, tonguelike structure that is used to draw prey into its mouth. What is this structure, which is also found in gastropods?

Radula

Paramecia use cilia for locomotion and for gathering organic matter. How are rotifers similar?

The corona is made of cilia, and used for swimming and feeding.

The phylum that includes snails, clams, oysters, and octopuses is the

Mollusca.

Examples of mollusks that live on land are the

snails and slugs.

Radula modification allowed all of the following functions in gastropods except

protecting themselves with nematocysts.

Which of the following organs of cephalopods resemble those of the vertebrates?

eyes

Each segment of an annelid typically contains bristles of chitin called

chaetae.

The sexual reproduction of earthworms characteristically is

hermaphroditic but cross-fertilizing.

The evolutionary innovation that first appeared in arthropods and is characteristic of the most successful of all animal groups is that of

jointed appendages.

Air passage into the trachea of most insects is controlled by the closing and opening of valves, which operate special openings called

spiracles.

Chelicerae function as

fangs or pincers.

An invertebrate biologist is conducting research with crabs. Her interest is ecdysis. This implies that she studies

the molting process.

The rate at which a population of a given species will increase when no limits are placed on its rate of growth is called its

biotic potential.

The size at which a population stabilizes in a particular place is defined as the_________ for that species.

carrying capacity

Life history adaptations of_________ populations are characterized by an early age of first reproduction and short maturation time and life span.

r--selected

Species that have a delayed reproductive stage, are competing for limited resources, and have smaller numbers of slowly maturing large offspring show_________ adaptations

K-selected

The statistical study of populations including sex ratio, age structure, and predicting growth rates is called_________.

demography

A group of population members all of the same age is called a_________.

cohort

Effects that are dependent on the size of the population and regulate the growth of populations are called_________ effects.

density-dependent

In the sigmoid growth curve, the carrying capacity of the environment is indicated by what symbol?

K

Which is an example of a density-independent factor on a population?

weather

Which of the following does not describe source-sink metapopulations?

Sink populations near source populations are less likely to go extinct.

What kind of population spacing would you expect for a species that is strongly territorial?

uniform

What often describes organisms with a Type III life history?

r-selected

Which species would be most likely to have a Type III life history?

Mouse

Many times species are composed of networks of distinct populations called metapopulations. When do metapopulations occur?

When suitable habitat is patchily distributed and separated by areas of unsuitable habitat.

Which is an example of a clumped distribution of a population?

Antelope travel in herds.

A farmer’s land includes a wilderness area that is home to an endangered species of bird. He wants to sell the land to a developer, and you have been hired to evaluate the environmental concerns. “This little patch of land is not crucial for the bird species!” the farmer says, “In fact, my land is surrounded by several other wilderness patches that also have that bird.” You reply: “It is possible that your land acts as the_________ and the other areas are_________ . If that's the case, development would be devastating to the population."

source; sinks

Within a genus that normally produces large numbers of offspring, one particular species evolves maternal care behavior. What do you predict will happen to the survivorship curve?

It may change from type III to type I.

All organisms living together in a place are called a

community.

Competition shapes communities because there are usually limited

resources.

Two organisms trying to utilize the same resource is called

competition.

Two species of warblers colonize the same island habitat. Both species nest in similar locations and eat the same type of prey. Eventually, competition will probably cause one species to

be eliminated.

Aposematic, or warning coloration, serves to protect an animal or plant by signaling to potential_________ to stay away.

predators

In_________ mimicry, unprotected species resemble others that are distasteful.

Batesian

In_________ mimicry, two or more unrelated but protected species resemble one another, thus achieving a kind of group defense

Müllerian

A_________ relationship is one in which two or more kinds of organisms live together in often elaborate and more or less permanent association.

symbiotic

The way in which an organism utilizes its environment may be called

its niche.

A relationship in which both members benefit is called

mutualism.

Communities evolve to have greater biomass and species richness in a process called

succession.

The actual niche the organism is able to occupy in the presence of competitors is called its

realized niche.

Competition between species is called_________ competition.

interspecific

Resource partitioning can often be seen in similar species that occupy the same geographic area. These species avoid competition by living in different portions of the habitat or by utilizing different food or other resources and are called_________ species.

sympatric

Alligators excavate holes in the bottom of bodies of water. During times of severe drought theseholes act as refugia for various aquatic organisms that might perish if there were no wateravailable. Thus, alligators in this system can be classified as

a keystone species.

Which of the following examples would be undergoing secondary succession?

a coastal grassland damaged by a hurricane

A species that plays a critical role in maintaining the structure of an ecological community andhelps to determine the types and numbers of various other species in the community is known as

a keystone species.

The difference in the fundamental niche and the realized niche is

the fundamental niche is the entire niche that a species is capable of using while therealized niche is just what is being occupied.

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the differences between Batesian mimicryand Müllerian mimicry?

In Batesian mimicry the model must be more dangerous than the mimic; in Müllerian mimicry they are both dangerous.

Cattle egrets follow African ungulates such as African buffalo around and catch insects that the buffalo flush out. Oxpeckers perch on the backs of buffalo and feed on ectoparasites that infest the buffalo. Which one of the following shows the ecological interaction that the buffalo has with each bird?

cattle egret: commensalism; oxpecker: mutualism

An organism whose decline or removal from a habitat causes many other species numbers to change dramatically is called_________ species

a keystone

A friend asks you for a definition of endemic because she is writing a history paper and this word keeps occurring in the literature in reference to bison on the Great Plains of the United States. Your response is that the word endemic means

a species that lives in only one area of Earth.

Edge effects are the result of which of the following?

Habitat fragmentation or habitat shrinkage has occurred, and thus the edge of the habitat has increased in relative proportion.

A scientist studied peregrine falcons to determine why the numbers of birds was declining. She determined that

the levels of DDT in the environment were having a detrimental effect on eggs (causing the eggshells to be too thin) that were being laid by the female falcons.

Sea otters have been used as an example of the "Keystone Species" concept. This means that sea otters

exert a strong influence on the structure and functioning of their ecosystem.

Island species are particularly vulnerable to extinction for all of the following reasons except

fewer endemic species are found on islands.

A small island has stable populations of plants and animals, including one species of hawk but no other large predators. A ship docks at the island, and the ship's cat escapes. If the cat was pregnant, what do you think the sailors are likely to find if they return ten years later?

Some species of ground-nesting birds may have gone extinct.

A major problem with hotspots is humans moving in and causing

habitat destruction.

The West African black rhino, one of four subspecies of rhinoceros, was declared extinct in 2006. Their horns were believed by many to hold medicinal value. What is the most likely reason for the extinction of the West African black rhino?

overexploitation

The various endemic cichlid species of Lake Victoria have suffered losses in their population numbers and species due to the introduction of

the Nile perch.

Why might the different species of whales fail to recover even though hunting has been banned?

loss of genetic diversity

In the last 20 years one concern of scientists who study amphibians is that

many species are declining or have gone extinct in recent years.