A&P Generational Lock In

What is the Micturition Reflex

An involuntary spinal reflex that causes the bladder to contract and empty (urination) when its walls are stretched or filling

Is the Internal Urethral Sphincter Voluntary or Involunary

Involuntary

Is the External Urethral Sphincter Voluntary or Involunary

Voluntary

Where is the Internal Urethral Sphincter located

Neck of Bladder

Where is the External Urethral Sphincter located

Pelvic Floor

Arteries bring blood (in/out) of the nephron

In

Veins bring blood (in/out) of the nephron

Out

Nephrons Produce ________

Filtrate

Nephrons secrete waste into _____

Filtrate

What does filtrate do

Cleans the blood and balances the body fluid

Where do each renal tube empty into

The collecting system

What is the flow through the nephron (4)

Renal corpuscle, Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Nephron Loop, Distal Convoluted Tubule

Where is the renal corpuscle located

Renal Cortex

Where is the Proximal Convoluted Tubule located

Renal Cortex

Where is the Nephron Loop Located

Renal Cortex, partially extending into medulla

Where is the Distal Convoluted Tubule located

Renal Cortex

Filtrate changes in _____ while traveling alone the tubules

Composition

What is filtration as a basic process of urine formation

Pressure forcing water & solutes out of glomerular capillaries into into the capsular space

What does filtration create

Filtrate

What is reabsorption as a basic process of urine formation

Absorption of water & solutes from filtrate back into the blood as well as from the filtrate into the peritubular fluid

What is secretion as a basic process of urine formation

Transport of solutes from peritubular fluid into the filtrate

Blood is delivered by (afferent/efferent) arterioles

Afferent

Blood leaves by (afferent/efferent) arterioles

Efferent

What are podocytes

Cells with feet that line the glomerular capillaries

What are filtration slits

Thin spaces between the feet of podocytes that allow blood to be filtered through

Filtration Membrane Includes (3):

1. Fenestrated Endothelium

2. Basement Membrane

3. Filtration Slits

What can not be filtered in renal corpuscle

Larger solutes like plasma proteins

What solution moves into tubules/is produced by renal corpuscle

Protein-free filtrate

What is glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Blood pressure in glomerular capillaries

Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure is (higher/lower) than normal capillaries

Higher

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure pushes water and solutes out of _____ into ______

Blood; Filtrate

Capsular Hydrostatic pressure results from ______ in nephron

Resistance to flow

Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure pushes water and solutes out of ______ into ______

Filtrate; Blood

Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure pushes water and solutes out of ______ into ______

Filtrate; Blood

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is pressure from _____ in blood

Proteins

What does glomerular filtration rate measure

The amount of filtrate produced by both kidneys in one minute

Net filtration pressure creates _____

filtrate

Net filtration pressure and glomerular filtration rate have a ______ correlation

Positive

If net filtration pressure goes up, glomerular filtration rate will go _____

up

Glomerular filtration rate is regulated by what 3 interacting levels of control:

1. Autoregulation

2. Hormonal Regulation

3. Autonomic Regulation

Autonomic Regulation involves the __________

Sympathetic Division

What is the purpose of Autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate

To maintain glomerular filtration rate despite changes in local blood pressure/flow

How does autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate effect afferent/efferent arterioles and glomerular capillaries

By changing the luminal diameters

Autoregulaion of glomerular filtration rate changes the luminal diameters of (3):

1. Afferent Arterioles

2. Efferent Arterioles

3. Glomerular Capillaries

What are involved in Hormonal regulation of glomerular filtration rate (2):

1. Renin-angiotensin-alosterone-system (RAAS)

2. Natriuretic Peptides

The Renin-angiotensin-alosterone-system (RAAS) ________ blood pressure

Increases

Natriuretic Peptides ________ blood pressure

Decreases

The Juxtaglomerular Complex consists of the (3):

1. Macula Densa

2. Juxtaglomerular Cells

3. Extraglomerular mesangial cells

Why would the Juxtaglomerular complex release renin (3) :

1. Decrease in blood pressure at glomerulus

2. Stimulation of juxtaglomerular cells by sympathetic nervous system

3. Changes in osmotic concentration of filtrate at macula densa

Renin converts _________ to ________

angiotensinogen; angiotensin I

Angiotensin I is converted to _________ in _________

Angiotensin II; The lungs

Angiotensin II (increases/decreases) aldosterone secretion

Increases

Angiotensin II (increases/decreases) sodium retention

Increases

Angiotensin II (increases/decreases) production of ADH

Increases

Angiotensin II (increases/decreases) water reabsorption

Increases

Angiotensin II stimulates ______ centers

Thirst

Angiotensin II (vasoconstricts/vasodilates) systemic capillaries & efferent arterioles

Vasoconstricts

Natriuretic Peptides (increase/decrease) sodium reabsorption

Decrease

Natriuretic Peptides (increase/decrease) water reabsorption

Decrease

Natriuretic Peptides (increase/decrease) thirst

Decrease

Natriuretic Peptides (vasoconstricts/vasodilates) systemic capillaries

Vasodilates

Natriuretic Peptides (vasoconstricts/vasodilates) systemic capillaries while Angiotensin II (vasoconstricts/vasodilates) systemic capillaries

Vasodilates; Vasoconstricts

Natriuretic Peptides (increase/decrease) thirst while Angiotensin II (increases/decreases) thirst

Decreases; Increases

Natriuretic Peptides (increase/decrease) BP while Angiotensin II (increases/decreases) BP

Decrease; Increase

Natriuretic Peptides are released by ______

the heart

Natriuretic Peptides are the opposite of (2):

1. ADH

2. Aldosterone

During sympathetic innervation of autonomic regulation of GFR, glomerular artierioles will (vasoconstrict/vasodilate)

Vasoconstrict

During sympathetic innervation of autonomic regulation of GFR, GFR will (increase/decrease)

Decrease

During sympathetic innervation of autonomic regulation of GFR, filtrate production will (slow down/speed up)

Slow down

During sympathetic innervation of autonomic regulation of GFR, blood will move (to/away) the/from kidneys

Away (going towards brain and muscles that need it more)

What part of tubule/collecting system does reabsorption and secretion happen at

Every part

Reabsorption and secretion involve (4):

1. Diffusion

2. Osmosis

3. Leak Channels

4. Carrier Mediated Transport

What kind of epithelium is found in the proximal convoluted tubule

Cuboidal cells with microvilli

The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs __% of filtrate volume

70%

The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs __% of organic nutrients

100%

The driving force behind solute transport in the proximal convoluted tubule is ______

Sodium

The descending loop of the nephron is (impermeable/permeable) to water

Permeable

The ascending loop of the nephron is (impermeable/permeable) to water

Impermeable

The descending loop of the nephron is freely permeable to ___ but not to _____

Water; Solutes

The descending loop of the nephron receives much (more/less) filtrate

Less

The epithelium of the descending loop of henle

Squamous cells with no microvilli or mitochondria

____ coats the inside of the ascending loop of henle

Glycoprotein

The (ascending/descending) loop of henle is very long in juxtamedullary nephrons

Ascending

What is the collecting system

A series of tubes that carry urine away from the nephrons

What do the collecting ducts do

Receive fluid from many nephrons

Collecting ducts begin in the _______, descend to the _______, and carry fluid to the ______

Cortex; Medulla; Papillary duct

Which kind of nephron is more common

Cortical

Cortical nephrons have a (long/short) loop of henle

Short

Where are cortical nephrons located

Mostly in superficial cortex

Juxtamedullary nephrons have a (long/short) loop of henle

Long

Where are juxtamedullary nephrons located

partially in the cortex, but extending deep into the medulla

What is the function of the vasa recta

To delivery oxygen and nutrients to medullary tissue

Blood flow in the vasa recta moves (with/opposite) filtrate flow

opposite

Vasa recta does/does not disturb concentration gradient

Does not

When Vasa Recta moves down toward the _____, it has (high/low) osmolarity

Medulla; High

When Vasa Recta moves up toward the _____, it has (high/low) osmolarity

Cortex; Low

When the vasa recta has high osmolarity, sodium and chloride (do/dont) enter

Do

When the vasa recta has high osmolarity, sodium and chloride (do/dont) enter

Dont