BIOCHEMICAL COMPONENTS

Lysozyme

What is the enzyme produced in the sol layer of the nasal mucus blanket that contributes to local defense?

Proteases

What class of enzymes is found in the deep periciliary fluid layer to act as an immune component?

Tryptase

What protease enzyme is released during mast cell degranulation in the allergic rhinitis pathway?

Chymase

Name a protease produced and released by mast cells during an allergic response besides tryptase.

Matrix metalloproteinase 9

Which matrix-degrading enzyme is produced by mast cells in allergic rhinitis?

B-hexosaminidase

Which enzyme is released from mast cell granules along with proteases?

B-glucuronidase

What enzyme is produced by mast cells besides B-hexosaminidase and proteases?

Arylsulphatase

Which enzyme produced by mast cells is involved in sulfur-containing compound reactions?

Elastase

What protease enzyme is produced by mast cells to degrade elastic fibers?

Cathepsin G

Which mast cell protease is also commonly found in neutrophils?

Carboxypeptidase

Which mast cell enzyme is responsible for removing terminal amino acids from proteins?

Plasminogen activator

What enzyme produced by mast cells is involved in the fibrinolytic system?

Neuraminidase

Which viral enzyme is the target of the influenza medications Zanamivir and Oseltamivir?

Streptokinase

What degradative enzyme is produced by Group A Streptococcus to aid in invasion?

Hyaluronidase

What enzyme is produced by Group A Streptococcus to degrade connective tissue?

Hyaluronidase

What enzyme is produced by Staphylococcus spp. and is known as the spreading factor?

Catalase

What enzyme is produced by Staphylococcus to convert hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen?

Coagulase

What enzyme is produced by Staphylococcus aureus but not by coagulase-negative Staphylococci?

Beta-lactamase

What enzyme is produced by Staph aureus and Moraxella catarrhalis to provide resistance to certain antibiotics?

DNAse

What enzyme is produced by Moraxella catarrhalis?

Fibroblast growth factor

Which growth factor is produced and released by mast cells during the allergic response?

Stem cell factor

What specific growth factor is a product of mast cell degranulation?

GM-CSF

Which growth-stimulating protein is released by mast cells to affect bone marrow?

Immunoglobulins

What proteins are found in the sol layer of the nasal mucus to provide immune protection?

Lactoferrin

Which immune protein in the deep periciliary fluid layer sequester iron from invading bacteria?

Kinins

What proteins in the sol layer contribute to the local defense of the nasal mucosa?

IgE

What protein immunoglobulin mediates the recurrent reaction of the nasal mucosa to allergens?

M protein

What protein is the primary virulence factor for Group A Streptococcus and is responsible for evasion?

Protein F

What protein is used by Group A Streptococcus for adhesion to host cells?

TH2

What specific T-lymphocyte protein-expressing cell presents processed antigens to B-lymphocytes?

B-lymphocyte

Which cell protein-producing factory is responsible for producing allergen-specific IgEs?

ACE2

What cell surface protein is used by the SARS-CoV-2 virus as a receptor for entry?

IL-6

Which interleukin protein is involved in the cytokine storm of COVID-19?

Tocilizumab and Sarilumab

Which two monoclonal antibody proteins act as IL-6 receptor antagonists?

Nirmatrelvir

Which protein-inhibiting drug is the active component of Paxlovid?

Fc glycoproteins

What specific proteins are found in the envelope of Herpes Simplex Virus 1?

Streptolysin O

What antigenic hemolysin protein produced by GAS is used in ASO titers?

Streptolysin S

Which hemolysin protein of GAS is non-antigenic?

Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin

What protein toxin produced by GAS is associated with systemic sequelae?

MHC

What protein complex on antigen-presenting cells is responsible for processing allergens?

Pannus

What subepithelial fibrovascular tissue protein growth occurs on the cornea in trachoma?

Keratin

What protein makes up the amorphous debris found inside an active chronic otitis media cholesteatoma?

Murein

What bacterial cell wall protein structure is the target of certain antibiotics?

Bacillus capsule

What protein/polysaccharide structure is a primary virulence factor for the Bacillus genus?

Haemophilus capsule

What structure is the primary virulent determinant for H. influenzae type B?

ACE2

What receptor is activated by the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to facilitate infection?

H1 receptor

Which receptor is activated by histamine to cause sneezing and itching?

IL-6 receptor

What receptor is activated during a cytokine storm and is a target for immunomodulation?

Fc receptor

Which receptor on the surface of mast cells bind to allergen-specific IgEs?

H3 autoreceptor

Which receptor type is inhibited by certain vestibular medications?

C-fibers

What afferent nerve ending receptors are stimulated to cause pruritus and sneezing?

Histamine

What is the chief mast cell chemical product responsible for sneezing, itching, and rhinorrhea?

Heparin

What proteoglycan chemical is released by mast cells during degranulation?

Chondroitin sulfate

Name a proteoglycan chemical besides heparin released by mast cells.

Prostaglandin D2

Which lipid chemical produced by mast cells is a primary mediator of nasal blockage?

Leukotriene C4

Which lipid chemical is a potent mediator of rhinorrhea and blockage?

Leukotriene B4

Which leukotriene chemical is involved in the allergic blockage of the nasal airway?

Leukotriene D4

Which specific leukotriene chemical contributes to nasal blockage?

Prostaglandin E2

Which prostaglandin chemical is involved in the symptoms of allergic rhinitis?

Prostaglandin I2

Which chemical contributes to the blockage of the nasal passages in allergic reactions?

Substance P

What neuropeptide chemical is released by C-fibers in non-allergic rhinitis?

Kinins

What chemical group is responsible for nasal blockage in both allergic and non-allergic rhinitis?

Endothelin

Which chemical is produced by the mucosa to trigger sneezing, itching, and rhinorrhea?

Bradykinin

What inflammatory chemical likely causes throat pain and irritation in pharyngitis?

Zinc

What chemical element or supplement may decrease the duration of a cold if taken early?

Ascorbic acid

What is the chemical name for Vitamin C?

Hydrogen peroxide

What chemical is the substrate for the enzyme catalase?

KOH or Potassium hydroxide

What chemical is used in a wet mount to visualize fungal elements in scrapings?

Propylene glycol

Which chemical carrier base in ear drops is noted for being potentially ototoxic?

Acetic acid

What chemical in some ear preparations can cause a burning sensation in a perforated ear?

Alcohol

Which chemical used as a drying agent in ear drops can cause pain in the middle ear?

Docusate sodium

Which chemical ceruminolytic is specifically noted as potentially ototoxic?

Pesticides

What group of chemicals poses a high risk for liquid splash injuries in agriculture?

Acids

Which class of chemicals requires the use of safety goggles when being mixed in a lab?

Caustics

Name a hazardous chemical class besides acids that causes eye burns.

Solvents

Which chemical class can cause pain and blurriness of vision if splashed into the eye?

Bacitracin

What topical antibiotic chemical is used for treating blepharitis?

Polymyxin

Which antibiotic chemical is often paired with bacitracin for eye infections?

Tetracycline

Which systemic antibiotic chemical is used for severe blepharitis?

Azithromycin

What antibiotic chemical is used for inclusion conjunctivitis in adults?

Erythromycin

Which antibiotic suspension is the chemical treatment for inclusion conjunctivitis in children?

Acyclovir

What antiviral chemical is the standard treatment for viral keratitis?

Penciclovir

Which antiviral chemical can be used for cold sores as an alternative to acyclovir?

Nystatin

Which antifungal chemical is used to treat oral thrush?

Clotrimazole

What chemical is an antifungal treatment for candidiasis?

Fluonazole

Name an antifungal chemical used for oral candidiasis besides nystatin.

Metronidazole

What antibiotic chemical is used in combination with penicillin for Vincent's angina?

Penicillin

What is the chemical drug of choice for treating Strep throat?

Amoxicillin

Which chemical antibiotic is a first-line treatment for bacterial rhinosinusitis?

Sulbactam

What chemical acts as a beta-lactamase inhibitor when paired with amoxicillin?

Ceftriaxone

Which third-generation cephalosporin chemical is used to treat acute epiglottitis?

Rifampicin

What antibiotic chemical is used for household contacts of patients with Hib infection?

TMP-SMX

What is the acronym for the chemical combination used to treat Moraxella catarrhalis?

Amphotericin B

What potent antifungal chemical is used for invasive aspergillosis?

Zanamivir

Which chemical drug is a neuraminidase inhibitor used for influenza?

Oseltamivir

Name a neuraminidase inhibitor chemical besides zanamivir.

Amantadine

What chemical acts as an M2 ion channel blocker for influenza?

Molnupiravir

Which antiviral chemical is used for the treatment of COVID-19?

Remdesivir

What IV antiviral chemical is used for hospitalized COVID-19 patients?

Dexamethasone

Which corticosteroid chemical has been shown to reduce COVID-19 mortality?