Digital Media Exam 3

(7) What are the 4 key elements of emotions?

sharing, communication, performance, display

(7) Affective intensity is a key driving force for what?

digital society

(7) Definition of emotion

socially communicated feeling

(7) Affective attachment is our motivation for what?

Seeking emotional intensity and connection online

(7) What is the rippling effect of emotions?

Emotions moving sideways through sticky associations between signs, figures, objects (stickiness = # of likes, dislikes, shares)

(7) What is the logocentric view?

only looking at people’s posts, photo views, videos created, instead of also emotions evoked; reality best understood thru verbal texts rather than images/nonverbal cues

(7) What sort of positive connections are possible online? (?)

affective attachments, affective intensity, deep emotional connections, benefit of asynchronicity

(7) Which online behaviors are related to or affected by anonymity? (?)

pro of self-disclosure & meaningful exchanges, con of deception & catfishing, malicious & harmful behavior, empowerment

(7) According to the author, does everybody interpret flames the same way? (/)

No; no nonverbal cues so people rely too much on info they have and may misinterpret the sender

(7) Definition of flame wars

Online, public vitriolic exchanges via video

(7) Definition of cyberbullying

Systematic and repeated abuse, harassment, or insults to a person by digital means

(7) What are the 3 characteristics of cyberbullying?

• Potential anonymity of perpetrators

• Potentially broader audience

• Pervasiveness

(7) What real-life qualities do trolls have, and how do you become a troll?

A diverse group ranging from individuals seemingly lacking in any form of empathy, or those being explicitly racist, sexist, or homophobic

• diverse group

• can be explicitly racist, sexist, homophobic, but also respectful

• always self-identified (no accidental trolls)

(7) Under “Trolling,” what are examples of intentional provocation?

• posting opinions one doesn’t really hold

• being intentionally categorical

• making comments abruptly off topic

(7) Which online behavior can become “a threat to democracy”?

Trolling

• inflammatory remarks, wrongful info, false accusations

• related to troll farms (Organized groups strategically and deliberately spreading disinformation to disrupt or manipulate public opinion or debate, thereby undermining trust in the democratic process)

(7) What is the relationship between trolling and politics, according to the author? (/)

trolling is a new, common way to argue about politics, attacking the person rather than a policy discussion based on logic

(7) What are the defining characteristics of lulz?

Unsympathetic and ambiguous laughter; amusement at others’ distress

• “the only reason for trolling is to extract lulz from a situation”

(7) What is the main idea behind the Cute Cat Theory? (/)

everyday web platforms are better for political activism since bcuz users want to share “cute cats” or personal content, these platforms are harder for gov to censor without public backlash (offering activists a protected, latent capacity to mobilize political activism)

• “latent capacity to mobilize for political activism”

(7) What is dataveillance and how does the author feel about it?

Business and government monitoring emotional states in oppressive/harmful ways

(7) AI turns information into what sort of data? (??)

digital data

(8) What combination of things do you need for digital citizenship? (?)

the opportunities and resources a person has to participate online in society in politics

• a combination of having access to the tools of participation, as well as having the right skills or literacy with which to use them

(8) Distinguish between the first-level and second-level digital divide; it’s not just about access but also about, what? (?)

• 1st level: those who have access to internet vs those who don’t (and those who have access and use it, and those who have it but don’t)

• 2nd level: division between people who have access to/use the internet, but who have different levels of skills in its use (some ppl have higher skill than others → affects what you can do & how much you get out of using internet)

• not just about access, but also skills (+ quality & autonomy of use?)

(8) Out of the 5 dimensions of the digital divide, what is Autonomy of Use? (/)

different people will have different degrees of control over their use of digital social tools and platforms

• whether one accesses the internet at home VS in public places VS work will affect how autonomous/free the user is to do various things

• diff contexts permit diff types of uses --> due to their diff formal and informal social rules AND their diff hard-wired technicalities (like filtering or monitoring content)

• ex: kid with parental controls have less autonomy than adults who can do what they want

(8) Describe the power law. What kind of curve? How do small events relate to large ones? How does this relate to the Matthew effect? (??)

small # of things are vast/super popular while vast majority of things are small/unpopular; things online that have already achieved a certain degree of recognition or popularity are much more likely to get even stronger recognition, while things that have low visibility or recognition are more likely to stay that way

• curve = long tail + decreasing curve → there’s very few things/websites that are super popular (Amazon) & then there’s huge # of websites that get a very small # of hits daily (Bob’s egg painting website) → Bob’s > Amazons, which is the long tail

• many small events with very few large ones

• Matthew Effect (“rich get richer”) = advantage where already popular websites/users/content gain new followers faster than unpopular ones

(8) What is preferential attachment with regard to networks? What are examples? (/)

the process whereby a network grows is marked by preferential attachment; nodes with more connections have a higher change of acquiring new connections (ex. a YT video with many views is more likely to get even more views)

• something needs to get connections in order to grow, but needs preexisting connections in order to make these connections

(8) What is the meaning of the “long tail curve” with regard to online sites? (/)

represents power-law distribution where few popular things, many small things; small things survive more easily in digital society → because of the networked multitude of people and interests, it has become less important to align with majority groups, dominant ideas, popular taste preferences

(8) What is the connection between authority and quality control?

(8) Define and distinguish the three types of authority, including examples for each

(8) What does the perspective of political economy focus on?

(8) What is the precariat? What are its defining characteristics (there are several)

(8) What type of work does one do in a platform economy?

(8) How do we provide data and audience commodity?

(8) According to the Theory of the Social Shaping of Technology, which component shapes which?

(8) What is the core believe of those joining the manosphere?

(8) What components make up platformed racism?

(10) What 3 components does the process of datafication involve?

(10) What are the 3 factors of the second definition of big data?

(10) What is the belief behind the “mythology” of big data?

(10) What is a descriptive definition of surveillance capitalism?

(10) What does free-for-all raw data imply?

(10) In this chapter, does the author think technology shapes society, or does society shape technology?

(10) Is raw data objective? Where does its meaning come from?

(10) What does the term data selves imply?

(10) What is the mathematical definition of “algorithm”?

(10) What is an example of what a basic algorithm can do?

(10) What is meant when we say that an algorithm has a form of higher authority?

(10) What are AI learners?

(10) What is a heuristic algorithm?

(10) What is an explicitly AI-based algorithm?

(10) Are algorithms objective?

(10) How is algorithmic bias formed?

(10) What is the purpose of computational propaganda?

(10) Definition of shadow banning

(10) What is the lesson we should remember about systemic bias?

(10) List the 3 strategies recommended to combat algorithmic bias.

(10) What recommendation is made about skepticism?

(10) What are the 3 strategies to combat algorithmic bias?

(10) What is meant by skepticism?

(10) What is meant by accountability?

(10) What is the “cause/effect” perspective that data justice takes?

(S) Why was there no two-way communication for the F-22 before 2017?

(S) What is chaff used for?

(S) Since 2017, what specific abilities do we associate with the F-22?

(S) When did secure two-way communication become possible for Link 16?

(S) Since 2023, in what formation do the three aircraft fly, and what is the purpose behind that? What does each do?

(S) What new development happened in 2023 with regard to Link 16?

(S) Based on this lecture, what internet developments do we associate with these dates?: 1960, 1969, 1972, 1989-1993

(S) What does TCP/IP stand for?

(S) What is the logic or purpose behind packet switching?

(S) For what is Tim Berners-Lee remembered?

(S) Which older internet technologies can be found in Link 16 (in new and evolved forms)?

(S) Of which early internet concept do tactical data links remind us?

(S) List the 3 core internet principles

(S) According to the article, when the F-22 flies in stealth mode, who can detect the aircraft on radar?

(S) The article includes a reference to “Rube Goldberg gateways.” What is meant by that?

(S) According to the article, who can hear Link 16 communication now?

(S) Check the article for the decade when Link 16 development began; you will need to know this in relation to the other dates (above)

(8) Out of the 5 dimensions of the digital divide, what is Social Support?

the degree to which users are able to draw on social support from more experienced users when they have each reached the limits of their own skills