PLTW 1.1 Unit Overview

(this was made prior to my test) Im just going over terms and information already provided/lack knowledge on currently.

Immunology

Using vaccines or antibodies to manage immune system responses.

Medical Intervention

Any measure whose purpose is to improve health or alter the course of disease

Why is the secondary antibody used in an ELISA test conjugated with an enzyme? What happens when this enzyme meets up with its substrate?

The secondary antibodies are joined to enzymes through a chemical process. The antibody then would be carrying an enzyme, so wherever the secondary antibody binds, the enzyme is also present. When the enzyme meets up with its substrate a color change will occur

Explain why antibodies allow scientists to target and identify specific disease agents.

The antibodies bind to the antigens, they oxidize and this creates the color change. The color change is what helps the scientists target the specific disease agents,

B lymphocytes

form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections

secondary antibody

recognize and bind to primary antibodies

Primary Antibody

binds to protein of interest

Quantitive Data (ELISA)

Concentration (Amount of the bactera is in the host/ paitnet 0)

Qualitive Data (ELISA)

The presence of absence of bacteria

ELISA is a acroymn of

Enzyme-linked immunsorbent assay

Examples of Diagonistic Tools

• Sphyamamoter

When someone has bacterial meningitis what antibiotic are they given

Penicillin

If the concentration of a solution in test tube #1 is 16 mg / mL and a serial dilution is performed with a tube dilution of 1/4 for all subsequent tubes, what is the final concentration of the solution in test tube #3

1 mg / mL

____________ attach to ___________ which may be on the surface of a(n) ___________

Antibodies, antigens, pathogen

Enzyme

A protein serving as a catalyst; a chemical agent that changes the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction

ELISA Steps

1. The sample is added to a plastic well, where the proteins are bound to the cell wall. A detergent washes away unbound proteins while preventing more proteins from binding to the cell wall.
2. The Primary Antibody binds to a specific antigen in the cell. Excess is washed away.
3. The Secondary Antibody, which is bound to the enzyme, is added. Excess is washed away.
4. The enzyme substrate is added, causing the liquid to turn blue (oxidation)

What is ELISA?

Enzyme-linked Immunosorbant Assay) A quantitative in vitro test for an antibody or antigen in which the test material is absorbed on a surface and exposed either to a complex of an enzyme linked to an antibody specific for the antigen or an enzyme linked to an anti-immunoglobulin specific for the antibody followed by reaction of the enzyme with a substrate to yield a colored product corresponding to the concentration of the test material.

Antigen

A foreign macromolecule that does not belong to the host organism and elicits an immune response

Antibody

An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response

Solvent

A substance, usually a liquid, in which another substance is dissolved.

Solute

ubstance dissolved in another substance

DNA Sqeucning

The DNA is placed in order by size (smallest to largest) using gel electrophoresis or a similar method. It is then tagged by color (using fluorescent markers on the stoppers of the DNA) as to what nucleotide it represents. The nucleotides in size order are the DNA sequence. The bacteria can be identified using BLAST

Bioinformatics

The collection, classification, storage, and analysis of biochemical and biological information using computers especially as applied in molecular genetics and genomics.

Primer

Starting point of complimentary DNA segment that allows the enzyme to bind to the DNA for DNA replication.

Outbreak

A sudden rise in the incidence of a disease

Pathogen

A specific causative agent of disease