AP HUG VOCAB CANVA FLASHCARDS

Reference 1.1

Focuses on location and general navigation

Thematic 1.1

focuses on relationships among geographic data (have a theme or specific purpose)

Spatial Pattern 1.1

the arrangement/placement of objects on Earth’s surface

Absolute Location 1.1

exact, can be measured, cardinal directions

Relative Location 1.1

relationship to another place, uses left, right, up, down, front, or behind

Spatial Interaction 1.1

connections, movements, and flow of things between places

Clustering 1.1

close together

Density 1.1

the number of something in a defined area

Dispersal 1.1

far apart

Distribution 1.1

the way something is spread out over an area

Cartography 1.1

the science of making maps

Map Projection 1.1

a method used to represent the world in two dimensions

Field Observations 1.2-3

physically visiting a place and recording firsthand information there

Geospatial Technologies 1.2-3

used by businesses, organizations, individuals, and government

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 1.2-3

a computer systems for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface

Global Positioning Systems (GPS) 1.2-3

satellites orbit the earth and communicate local information

Remote Sensing 1.2-3

the use of cameras or other sensors mounted on aircraft or satellites which orbit the earth to collect images of the earth’s surface

Aerial Photography 1.2-3

professional images captured from planes or drones

Built Environment 1.4

physical artifacts that humans created which make up the landscape

Placeless 1.4

a location without a sense of place (no distinct attributes)

Toponym 1.4

name given to a place on earth

Site 1.4

environmental features of a location

Regionalization 1.4

the process geographers use to divide and categorize space into smaller areas of analysis

Distance Decay 1.4

the interaction between two places increases as the distance between the two places decreases

Time-Space Compression 1.4

technology shrinks our world

Diffusion 1.4

the process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another

Sustainability 1.5

the use of the earth’s land and natural resources in ways that ensure they will continue to be available in the future

Natural Resource 1.5

something found within the natural environment that is accessible and economically valuable to humans

Renewable Resource 1.5

nature produces it faster than people consume it

Nonrenewable Resource 1.5

people consume it faster than nature produces it

Cultural Ecology 1.5

the study of how different cultural groups adapt to or alter the environment

Environmental Determinism 1.5

the belief that climate and landforms area the most powerful forces shaping human behavior and societal/cultural development

Possibilism 1.5

focuses on the role of human culture to modify and respond to the environment to better fit human needs

Map Scale 1.6

the mathematical relationship between the size of a map and the part of the real world is shows

Scales of Analysis 1.6

the level at which data is displayed on a map

Small Scale Maps 1.6

show large area with small amounts of data

Large Scale Maps 1.6

show small area with large amounts of data

Global Scale of Analysis 1.6

show the world at one level of data

Regional Scale of Analysis 1.6

show data by continents of world regions

National Scale of Analysis 1.6

show data for one or more countries

Local Scale of Analysis 1.6

show data at a subnational level

Region (part 1) 1.7

an area of the earth’s surface with specific unifying characteristics (human or physical)

Region (part 2) 1.7

patterns of activity that make it unique from other areas

Formal Region 1.7

unified by one more specific traits (economic, social, political, environmental)

Functional Region 1.7

organized around a central node and the relationship is typically based around economics, travel, or communication

Vernacular Region 1.7

based on a person’s perspective or perception of a certain location

Ecumene 2.1

the habitable areas of the world

Arable Land 2.1

land fit for agriculture

Midlatitude/Temperate Climates 2.1

places without extremes of temperature or precipitation

Population Density 2.1

the total number of people occupying a unit of land

Arithmetic Density 2.1

the total number of people divided by the total land area

Physiological Density 2.1

the total number of people supported by a unit of arable land

Carrying Capacity 2.1

the maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources without damaging the environment

Agricultural Density 2.1

the ratio of farmers to the amount of arable land

Population Pyramids 2.2

graphs that display the age and sex distribution of the country’s population

Baby Boom 2.3-9

a period marked by a significant increase of birth rates

Baby Bust 2.3-9

drop in birth rates that occur approximately 10 years after the baby boom

Echo Boom 2.3-9

increase in birth rates that occur when baby boomers start having children

Dependency Ratio 2.3-9

the number of people in a dependent age group divided by the number of people in the working-age group multiplied by 100

Sex Ratio 2.3-9

the proportion of males to females in a population

Fertility 2.4-8

the ability to conceive children

Mortality 2.4-8

death

Migration 2.4-8

movement of people from one place to another

Crude Birth Rate (CBR) 2.4-8

the number of life births occurring during a year per 1,000 people

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) 2.4-8

the average number of children one woman in a given country will have during her child bearing years

Life Expectancy 2.4-8

the number of years an average person will live

Crude Death Rate (CDR) 2.4-8

the number of deaths occurring during a year per 1,000 people

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) 2.4-8

the number of children who die before one year of age

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) 2.4-8

the difference between crude birth rates and crude death rates of a defined group of people

Doubling Time 2.4-8

the number of years in which a population will double assuming the growth rate remains stable

Arithmetic Growth 2.4-8

the increase is a constant number each period (1,2,3,4)

Exponential Growth 2.4-8

the increase is a constant factor each period (1,2,4,8)

Demographic Transition Model (DTM) 2.5

a theoretical framework that illustrates how populations change from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a society develops

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM) 2.5

describes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution, largely as a result of changes in causes of deaths

Epidemic 2.5

a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community or region at a particular time

Pandemic 2.5

a widespread disease occuring over a wide geographic area dn affecting an exceptionally high proportion of the population

AIDS 2.5

transmissible disease of the immune system caused by the HIV

HIV 2.5

a virus that slowly attacks and destroys the immune system

Neo-Malthusians 2.6

recent theorists who warn that a Malthusian catastrophe could still occur

Overconsumption 2.6

the amount of food consumed per person is increasing

Pro-Natalist Policies 2.7

government programs designed to increase the fertility rate and accelerate population growth

Anti-Natalist Policies 2.7

government programs designed to decrease the fertility rate and slow down population growth

Human Mobility 2.10

the types of human movement, whether the movement is temporary or permanent or short and long distances

Circulation 2.10

temporary, repetitive movements that recur on a regular basis

Human Migration 2.10

the permanent relocation of people from one place to another

Immigration 2.10

the movement into a location

Emigration 2.10

the movement away (exiting) a location

Net Migration 2.10

the difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location such as a city or a country

Gravity Model 2.10

the level of interaction between two cities depends on the size of the cities’ population and the distance between them

Push Factors 2.10

negative events present in a location that causes people to move away

Pull Factors 2.10

positive events in a location that encourages people to move to that place

intervening Obstacle 2.10

barriers that hold migrants back from continuing to travel

Intervening Opportunity 2.10

an opportunity that causes migrants to voluntarily stop traveling

Asylum 2.10

political migrants that move due to fear of oppression can be granted protection

Voluntary Migration 2.11

people migrate due to their own choices

Involuntary Migration 2.11

people relocate due to fears of violence or survival

Transnational 2.11

migration from one country to another

Remittances 2.11

money sent back to migrants’ country of origin

Transhumance 2.11

traditional migration of nomadic herders that move their livestock from high elevations in the summer and lower elevations in the winter

Internal 2.11

migrants that travel within a country’s borders