World War II

What were the two sides in WWII?

Allied Powers, Axis Powers

What countries made up the Allied Powers? (5)

1. China

2. France

3. United Kingdom

4. United States

5. Soviet Union

Who was the president of China?

Chiang Kai-Shek

Who was the prime minister of Great Britain?

Neville Chamberlain

Who was the president of France?

Edouard Daladier

Who were the presidents of the United States?

Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman

Who was the leader of the Soviet Union?

Joseph Stalin

Name two reasons for WWII.

1. Great Depression

2. Treaty of Versailles

3. the League of Nations didn’t have a military

4. the Allies wanted to avoid war

Daladier and Chamberlain meet with Hitler

Munich Conference

Hitler’s promise to end aggression

Munich Pact

What territory was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938 following the Munich Conference?

Sudetenland

Who said “Peace for our time”?

Chamberlain

1939 pact between Germany and Soviet Union

Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact

What 1939 event sparked the start of WWII?

invasion of Poland

What German word means “living space”?

lebensraum

In what story are children taught how to recognize a Jew?

How to Tell a Jew

What German word means “overman,” with the idea that “the best of the best will rise to the top,” providing the basis for Hitler’s Aryan?

Übermensch

Who introduced the idea of the Übermensch?

Friedrich Nietzsche

In what three countries did Nazis falsely interpret as the origins of Aryans, from which they spread?

1. Germany

2. Scandinavia

3. India

In what manner were Aryans identified?

“scientifically”

What is the opposite of isolationism?

interventionism

the central phrase used by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a radio broadcast on the threat to national security

“arsenal of democracy”

Who described the bombing of Pearl Harbor as “a date which will live in infamy”?

Franklin Roosevelt

Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?

resources

What country did Allies retake control of as a launching point to Italy? What was the effort called?

North African Campaign

What kind of war was the North African Campaign?

desert war

a group of primarily African-American military pilots (fighter and bomber) and airmen who fought in World War II, escorting bombers across North Africa and Europe, going on hundreds of missions, who were rarely shot down?

Tuskegee Airmen

What was the Tuskegee Airmen’s nickname?

Red Tails

Who was the German general?

Erwin Rommel

What did Erwin Rommel lead?

Nazi Afrika Korps

Who was the US general who was the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe?

Dwight Eisenhower

Who was the British field marshall?

Bernard Montgomery

What was the nickname for the people Bernard Montgomery lead?

Desert Rats

Who was the US general who captured or liberated territory that equaled the size of France and took 1.2 million prisoners?

George Patton

What was the name of the visits Patton gave?

morale-boosting visits

In what country did Eisenhower, Patton, and Montgomery meet?

Tunisia

Which Allied invasion began the liberation of France and was the largest air, sea, and land invasion in history?

D-Day

What was D-Day’s nickname?

Operation Overlord

an extensive system of coastal defences and fortifications built by Nazi Germany between 1942 and 1944 along the coast of continental Europe and Scandinavia as a defense against an anticipated Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe from the United Kingdom

Atlantic Wall

a military propaganda term used by both sides of World War II which referred to the areas of Continental Europe occupied by Nazi Germany, as opposed to the United Kingdom across the Channel

Fortress Europe

fake army made of balloons

Phantom Army

name 5 Normandy code names

1. Gold

2. Omaha

3. Juno

4. Utah

5. Sword

Which Normandy beach was the deadliest?

Omaha

Which language did code talkers (present in every major battle in the Pacific and key battles in Europe) speak that was never broken?

Navajo

Which type of ship was used extensively on D-Day?

Higgins boat

What were hand clickers called?

crickets

What country is next after France is freed?

Germany

Which offensive campaign on the Western Front occurred from 1944-45 and was considered Hitler’s “last stand”?

Battle of the Bulge

What made Hitler paranoid?

an assassination attempt that had occurred a few months before the Battle of the Bulge

What irrational decision did Hitler make at the Battle of the Bulge?

surprise attack

What were the core armored units used by the German army in the surprise attack of the Battle of the Bulge?

Panzer tank battalions

What city at the Battle of the Bulge did the Allies surround, under siege for 6 days?

Bastogne, Belgium

Why were the Allies grounded for the majority of the Siege of Bastogne?

bad weather

Who sent the message “NUTS!” in response to a German formal surrender demand to the American garrison at Bastogne?

US General A.C. McAuliffe

Which two people saved the day at the Battle of the Bulge?

Patton, Omar Bradley

Who was Hitler’s wife?

Eva Braun

What did Hitler do shortly after marrying?

committed suicide

Who was the commander of the US Pacific Fleet?

Admiral Chester Nimitz

Who was the Commander of Allied Land Forces in the Pacific?

General Douglas MacArthur

Who was the Japanese emperor during this time?

Hirohito

Who was the Japanese Minister of War and later Prime Minister?

Hideki Tojo

Who was the Commander of the Japanese Naval Forces?

Isoroku Yamamoto

What phrase was used to indoctrinate Japanese soldiers?

“death before dishonor”

What was the island on which a brutal 1944 island battle in the Pacific took place, where American forces seized a strategically vital Japanese-held island close enough to the Japanese home islands that B-29 bombers could finally reach and bomb Japan directly, making it a turning point that brought the air war to Japan's doorstep?

Saipan

Of of which cliff in Saipan did 8,000 civilians jump in 1944?

Suicide Cliff

Which battle was a major Pacific turning point, Japan’s first major defeat in the Pacific, taking place from June 4-7 in the Pacific on an important territory between Japan and the US?

Battle of Midway

What was the first territory Japan lost?

Guadalcanal

What aircraft was hit and sunk during the Battle of Midway?

USS Yorktown

How many aircraft carriers did the US and Japan lose at Midway, respectively?

1, 4

What was the sole Japanese carrier to survive the initial American dive-bomber strikes at Midway, managing to launch retaliatory attacks that fatally wounded the USS Yorktown before being hunted down and sunk herself later that same day?

Hiryū

Who chose to go down with the Hiryū?

Admiral Tamon Namaguchi

Who said “Pearl Harbor has now been partially avenged?”

Nimitz

Manila peninsula with the largest surrender of American-led forces in history, when exhausted and starving US and Filipino troops capitulated to Japan after months of fierce resistance in 1942

• Japan captured 75k Allied POWs (3x more than expected)

Bataan

Who said “I shall return.” at Bataan?

MacArthur

At what island fortress did US and Filipino forces surrender to Japanese forces in 1942?

Corregidor

• POWs sent on 65-mile trek

• 1-1½ weeks

• 9k Filipinos dead; 1k Americans

• sent to 1 of 3 concentration camps

Bataan Death March

Which battle began the liberation of the Philippines?

• largest naval battle in history

Battle of Leyte Gulf

What country was liberated in 1944?

Philippines

battle

• island-hopping was successful, but costly

• tunnels and rooms dug into rock

• bombed for 2.5mo straight

• Navajo code talkers

• 22,000 Japanese dead; 6,800 US dead

Battle of Iwo Jima

What was told to Japanese soldiers at Iwo Jima?

“kill 10 Americans before you die”

Iwo Jima nickname

Sulfur Island

last battle in the island-hopping strategy

• US: 12.5k killed; Japan: 120k killed, 42k Okinawans killed

Battle of Okinawa

Battle of Okinawa nickname

Operation Iceberg

kind of fighting at Battle of Okinawa

cave-to-cave

• man who saved at least 75 men at Battle of Okinawa

• first conscientous objector to earn Medal of Honor

Desmond Doss

nickname for kamikaze pilots

pilots of the divine wind

Beginning in March 1945, U.S. B-29 bombers conducted _____ raids on Japanese cities — most devastatingly in Tokyo — deliberately targeting densely packed civilian areas with the goal of destroying Japan's industrial capacity and breaking its will to fight, killing an estimated 250,000–500,000 people and leaving millions homeless

firebombing

• conference between Ukraine and USSR in 1945

• Russia agrees to help in the Pacific against Japan, within 3 months

Yalta Conference

• Germany, 1945 conference

• allowed the three leading Allies to plan the postwar peace, while avoiding the mistakes of the Paris Peace Conference of 1919

Potsdam Conference

• 1st atom bomb

• tested by the US during Potsdam

Trinity

1945 uranium bomb at Hiroshima

• est. 70k-100k killed instantly

• 80% of city destroyed instantly

Little Boy

museum dedicated to documenting the atomic bombing of Hiroshima

Hiroshima Peace Museum

2nd atom bomb dropped in 1945

• plutonium

• Nagasaki

• est. 40k-80k killed instantly

• 65% city destroyed

• 1,650 above ground

Fat Man

Truman’s five options

ACIDF

Atom bombs

Conditional surrender

Invade without USSR

Demonstrate bombs

Firebomb and wait for USSR

US military power ranking change between 1940 & 1942

18th → 1st

United States federal emergency war agency that organized volunteers in home front activities

Office of Civilian Defense

US government agency that coordinated war news through media

Office of War Information

US government agency that switched intrustry from civilian to military production

War Production Board

allegorical cultural icon in the United States who represents the women who worked in the factories and shipyards during World War II, many of whom produced munitions and war supplies

Rosie the Riveter

goals articulated by FDR

Four Freedoms