BIO 1106 Exam 3

Hydrostatic

Skeleton found in..

1) soft bodies of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates

2)Fluid filled central cavity surrounded by muscles

3) muscles work against fluid

Exoskeleton

Type of skeleton

1) Arthropods

2) Rigid outer covering protects internal organs

3) Provides attachment site for muscles

Endoskeleton

Type of skeleton

1) Echinoderms and vertebrates

2) Rigid internal elements that form a framework and provide attachment points for muscles

Chitin

What is exoskeleton made out of?

Echinoderm

This type of animal has an endoskeleton made of calcite

Growth

Exoskeletons limit ________ and must be shed periodically

Vertebrate

This type of endoskeleton is composed of bone, cartilage, and dense fibrous connective tissue

Living

Bone and cartilage have__________ tissues

1) Dead

2)Living

Undifferentiated

Mesenchymal that is __________ gives rise to 3 types of cells

Fibroblast

These are cells that produce collagen

Chondroblast

These are cells that produce cartilage and eventually become chondrocytes

Osteoblast

These are cells that produce bone and become osteocytes

Osteoclast

Which is not derived from mesenchymal cells?

Fibroblast

Osteoclast

Chondroblast

Osteoblast

Osteoclast

This cell develops from white blood cells and are involved in bone removal

Cartilage

These cells are derived from chondroblasts

Chondrocytes

What are cartilage cells?

Avascular

This term refers to aging chondroblasts losing the ability to divide causing cartilage to heal slowly

Glycoprotein

What is the matrix of cartilage mainly composed of?

Polysaccharides

In bone matrix, these add to the flexibility of bone and give it the ability to stretch and twist

Calcium

Osteoblasts secrete enzyme which causes __________ phosphate to form hydroxyl apatite

Lucanae

Osteocytes are found in?

Canaliculi

Osteocytes can interact with neighboring cells with this special feature providing communication

Haversian System

This refers to the internal organization of vascular bone

Lamellae

This is layers of bone layed down around narrow channels

Haversian Cannals

These cannals run parallel to length of bone and contain blood vessels and sometimes nerve fibers

Compact

Bone that is found in perimeter of shaft

Spongy

Bone that is found in epiphysis of bone

Medullary

Bone that is found in shaft

Epiphyseal

In these growth plates, bone growth occurs at widened ends

Intramembranous

Development in which it is typical of flat bones, skull and sternum. Occurs between membranes

Osteoblasts

These cells supply new bone constantly

Osteoclasts

These cells reabsorb established bone

Osteoperosis

Disorder in which bone reabsorption out paces bone deposit

Bone Remodeling

This is stimulated by mechanical stress and regulatory hormones

Ball and Socket

This join allows greatest movement.

Ex. Hip and shoulder

Hinge Joint

This joint allows only forward movement or backwards.

Ex. Knee, elbow, fingers

Gliding Joint

This joint allows sliding of one surface to another

Ex. vertebrae and bones in hands

Combination Joint

This joint allows rotation and side to side movement

Ex. Jaw

Origin

In skeletal movement, this part remains stable.

Insertion

This part of skeletal structure is attached to portion of bone that moves

Antagonistic

These are muscles in which one contraction can be reversed by contraction of another muscle.

Smooth

Muscle found in internal organs, relaxes slowly

under involuntary control

Myofibrils

Individual muscle fibers contain?

Myofibrils

This is composed of thick and thin myofilaments

Myofilaments

This is composed of myosin and actin

Myofibrils

This is the location of contraction

Dark Bands

These bands are stacked thick filaments

Light Bands

These bands are thin filaments

A band

This specific band is made of thick filaments and myosin

I band

this band is made of thin filaments and actin and is divided in half by a z line.

Z line

This divides the I band and contains a protein disk which anchors actin

H band

This is the center of the A band and in which the thick filaments are only visible

Sarcomere

This is the smallest unit of muscle contraction

Relaxed

When the sarcomere is __________ the H and I bands are at max width

Relaxed

Contracted

Contracted

When the sarcomere is ________, actin overlaps and the H bands disappear

Phase 1

In this phase of the cross bridge cycle, ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi, myosin head moves in ready state

Phase 2

In this phase of the cross bridge cycle, myosin forms cross bridge with actin filament

Phase 3

In this phase of the cross bridge cycle, ADP and Pi are released, myosin head bends to low energy position and pulls attached myosin filament in one direction (power stroke)

Phase 4

In this phase of the cross bridge cycle, ATP binds to myosin head and weakens link between myosin and actin to break cross bridge

Rigormortis

Condition in which muscle stiffness follows death

Dead Cells

These cells do not produce ATP and do not break cross bridges

Calcium

This element controls muscle contraction

Relaxed

In this muscle state, myosin heads are in energized conformation, no cross bridges are present and attachment sites are blocked by Tropomyosin

Tropomyosin

This is a filamentous protein that blocks attachment sites when no calcium is present

Contracted

In this state, calcium is present, cross bridges form, shape changes, Tropomyosin filaments move and reveal actin binding sites

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

This is where calcium is stored

Acetylcholine

At neuromuscular junction, this NT is released to release calcium

Transverse Tubules

Once the NT is released, it travels down this to release calcium

Somatic

This motor neurons stimulate muscle cells and have branched axons

Precise Muscle Action

This muscle movement activates small motor units

Large Muscle Movements

This muscle movement requires addition larger motor units

Twitch

This is a response of motor unit to a single action potential, muscle fibers contract and then quickly relax

Summation

This is multiple stimuli applied to a muscle before it can relax

Incomplete Tetanus

This is when frequency of stimulation is increased, no relaxation between twitches and contraction is smooth and sustained, shaky muscle contraction

Complete Tetanus

If stimulation frequency is max tension, no relaxation, smooth sustained contraction plateaus

Fast Twitch

muscles fibers that activate anaerobically, tire quickly, less mitochondria, capillaries, myoglobin, white fibers, rapid generation of power

Slow Twitch

Muscle fibers that activate aerobic respiration, more capillaries, mitochondria, myoglobin , Red fibers, and sustained endurance

Essential

Humans can only make 11, amino acids. The other nine are referred to as what kind of AA?

Accessory Organs

These are organs that produce digestive enzymes that assist with chemical digestion.

Ex. Liver, Gull Bladder, Salivary Glands, Pancreas.

Mucosa

Inner most layer of digestive tract. Epithelial lining that secretes mucus, absorbs end products of digestion into blood and protects underlying tissue from disease.

Submucosa

Connective tissue. Rich in blood, lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers

Muscularis

Exterior of Submucosa, composed of smooth muscle in circular and longitudinal layer which help move food through canal.

Serosa

Smooth epithelial layer of digestive tract, protects canal from harsh abrasions as walls flex and extend

Birds

This animal breaks up food in a two chambered stomach, contains Gizzard.

Gizzard

An organ in a bird that contains digestive pebbles to grind up food

Mouth

The first part of chemical digestion, ingestion and salivation.

Salivary Glands

This secretes saliva, composed of water, salivary amylase, and antibacterial compounds.

Bolus

Mechanics of Swallowing:

1) Food is formed into a ________ by tongue and swallowed

Pharynx

Mechanics of Swallowing:

2) Swallowing begins as a voluntary action as tongue moves bolus towards posterior portion of _________

Nasal Cavity

Mechanics of Swallowing:

3) When food enters back of mouth, the soft pallet seals ___________ and breathing is temporarily paused

Larynx

Mechanics of Swallowing:

6) After bolus enters esophagus, the ___________relaxes and air passage is restored.

Esophagus

This is the muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach

Peristalsis

Longitudinal and circular muscle layers work in conjunction to move bolus through esophagus in one direction

Esophageal Sphincter

Before bolus enters stomach, it must pass through what?

Heart Burn

This effect occurs when acidic substances escape sphincter and travel to chest

Esophageal Sphincter

Circular Muscle passage that allows food into stomach

Stomach

The Oblique, circular and longitudinal are muscle layers of what internal organ?

Chime

Creamy substance formed after churned food is mixed with gastric juice

Chime

This substance leaves the stomach little by little through the pyloric Sphincter

Chief Cell

These cells secrete pepsinogen