HDFS 120 Exam 3

Fertility

actual number of live births in a population

Infertility (1)

 the inability to conceive after 12 months of unprotected intercourse

Infertility (2) OR

the inability to carry a pregnancy to live birth

Open adoption

sharing information and maintaining contact between biological and adoptive parents throughout the child’s life

Closed adoption

 the records of the adoption are kept sealed, the birth parents aren’t involved in the adoptee’s life, and the child has no contact with the biological parents or little, if any, information about them

Semi-open adoption

communication between the adoptive parents, birth parents, and adopted children, but it takes place through a third party (sometimes called mediated adoption)

Assisted Reproductive Technology

a general term that includes all treatments or procedures involving the handling of human eggs and sperm to establish pregnancy

Examples of assisted reproductive technology

Artificial insemination (AI), In Vitro Fertilization, embyro transplant, surrogacy

Benefits of parenthood (1) gains

emotional bonds, sense of purpose; gives life meaning

Benefits of parenthood (2) a

symbol of adult status, fun and anjoyment (can experience the world through children’s eyes)

Benefits of parenthood (3) someone

to take care of you when you’re older

Costs of parenthood (1) raising

 a child from preganancy through age 17 is estimated to cost anywhere from $148,320 to $233,610 (ai says 300k-310k)

Costs of parenthood (2) the

financial costs vary across the child’s age

Costs of parenthood (3)

Time, energy, emotional demands, and lifestyle changes

Costs of parenthood (4) guilt

from working and not being present

Costs of parenthood (5) must

consider child in lifestyle decisions

Costs of parenthood (6) “mommy tax”

more likely to be expected to have more of a role in taking care of the child

Social pressures of parenthood (1) pronatalist

forces encourage childbearing

Examples of pronatalist forces (1)

US tax structure incentivizes having children

Examples of pronatalist forces (2) Informal

pressures: parents and grandparents

Social pressures of parenthood (2) antinatalist forces discourage childbearing

inadequate childcare policies (not enough paternity time)

Reasons for choosing not to parent

Child free option and delayed parenting

Some couples choose not to have children due to (1)

career, uncertainty about parenting skills

Some couples choose not to have children due to (2) presence

of marital/personal fulfillment without children

Having a firth child at 30 or after (1) greater

cultural acceptance of singlehood, later age of marriage

Having a first child at 30 or after (2) desire

 to complete education, Improved contraption, New reproductive technology

Black maternal mortality (1) maternal

mortality in the Black community is common

Black maternal mortality (2) black

mothers are 215% more likely to die from childbirth-related issues than white mothers

Black maternal mortality (3) aren’t linked

to income or educational differences, but difference in quality and access in care

Factors related to the declining fertility rate (1) slowing

of the economy, introduction of the birth control pill

Factors related to the declining fertility rate (2) the

legalization of abortion, increase in woman’s labor force participation

Factors related to the declining fertility rate (3) increases

in age at marriage and divorce rate

Infertility causes in women

 ovulation problems, blockage of fallopian tubes, hormone imbalances

Infertility causes in men

low sperm production, low sperm activity

Reasons for adopting a baby (1) to provide

 a permanent home for a child

Reasons for adopting a baby (2) to receive

money from the company/government, even more so if the child has mental health issues

Reasons for adopting a baby (3) a desire

to expand a family, wanting a sibling for another child

Role overload

 feeling overwhelmed by multiple commitments

Role conflict

the frustrations and uncertainties a person experiences when the expectations of two or more roles are incompatible

Role strain

conflicts that someone feels within a role

Postpartum/postnatal depression

depression that occurs after having a baby

Permissive parenting

few rules and regulations, child’s preferences dominate and control parents

Authoritative parenting

clear rules and expections, autonomy, parents are in control

Uninvolved parenting

few demands, little support, can be viewed as neglect

Authoritarian parenting

strict rules, obedience is expected and demanded

Parental adjustments and adaptations (1) after

the birth of a child, parents must develop a mother or father identity

Parental adjustments and adaptations (2) for

some parents, stress may lead to postnatal depression

Parental adjustments and adaptations (3) couples

 find themselves adjusting to private and intimate time together

Parenting quality

 how effectively parents provide for their child’s physical and emotional needs

Child outcomes are linked to

the qualiity of the parent-child relationship

Parenting during infant stage

intensive care, positive reinforcement, building attachment

Intensive care

time-intensive that can impact work-life balance and well-being

Positive reinforcement

 create a loving and consistent environment

Building attachment

creating a safe space

Parenting during childhood and adolescence

socialization, navigating challenges, adolescent independence

Socialization

providing guidance on how to navigate the world

Navigating challenges

screen time, financial stress, disobedience, and rebellion

Adolescent independence

balancing promoting independence with setting boundaries

Parenting during adulthood stage

forming an adult-child relationship, caregiving roles can shift

Parenting considerations

parenting style adaption, support system, parental wellbeing

Work

Physical or mental activity that accomplishes or produces goods or services

Labor force participation rate

Positive spillover

Carryover of satisfaction and stimulation at work to a sense of satisfaction at home

Negative spillover

Bringing home work problems and stresses, limiting full participation in family life

Role overload (2) various

roles carry more responsibilities a person can manage

Second shift

dual role of paid “outside” work and unpaid housework

Working poor

Individuals who work full-time but make very low wages

Male mystique

the cultural expectation that men must be dominant and successful breadwinners

Occupational distribution

Location of workers in different occupations

Occupational sex segregation

Channeling women and men into different types of jobs

Glass ceiling

Attitudinal and organizational workplace obstacles that prevent women from advancing to leadership positions

Glass escalator

Men who enter female-dominated occupations receive higher wages and faster promotions

Gender pay gap

The overall income difference between men and women in the workplace

Feminization of poverty

Disproportionate numbers of women and children in poverty

Poverty threshold

currently $32,150 for a family of 4, doesn’t account for couse o living variations or special needs family

Motherhood penalty

the pay gap between women who are mothers and women who aren’t mothers

Deindustrialization

social and economic change resulting from the resulting of industrial activity

Globalization

growth and spread of investment, trade, production, communication, and new technology around the world

Offshoring

 sending work or jobs to another country to cut a company’s costs at home

Technology

AI-related innovation may cause job displacement

Wealth

money and economic assets that a person or family owns

Income

 the amount of money a person receives, usually through wages or salaries

Socioeconomic status (SES)

a measure of an individual’s or family’s economic and social position relative to others, accounting for education, income, and occupation

Economic condition of US families today

the rich are getting richer, middle class continues to shrink, working and middle class are barely surviving

Poverty races vary by

family type, race, and ethnicity

Effects of the economic downturn on families

basic needs go unmet, mental health decreases, less money for recreation, and family relations are strained

Work and family life are bidirectional and

can be positive or negative

Reasons for gender wage gap (1) women are

treated differently by employers, tend to make difference choices about balancing work and family

Reasons for gender wage gap (2) women tend

to work in jobs that pay less

Impact of work on family relationships (1)

power and decision making, happiness and satsifaction

Impact of work on family relationships (2) division of

household labor and child care

Money often equals power and choice when

both are worth shift to more joint decisions and more ability to leave the relationship

If the working partner values the unpaid household labor of their partner, then

 they’re more likely to share egalitarian power

Relationship conflict more likely when (1) disagreement

over partner’s employment, partner work out of economic necessity

Relationship conflict more likely when (2) woman

earns more than man in a heterosexual relationship

Relationship unhappiness can stem from lack of time spent together

67% say not enough time with children, 63% say not enough time with partner

Child care (1) can

negatively impact women’s work

Child care (2) disproportionately

constrain women’s labor market activities

Child care (3) put

women at a disadvantage to men

How can we support families? (1)

equal pay, revise work schdules flex time, job sharing