Honors Chem Final.docx

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

Chemical

A substance that has a definite composition.

Element

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

Compound

A substance that can be broken down into simpler substances.

Physical Property

Characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance.

Chemical Property

The ability of a substance to change into a different substance.

Physical Change

A change that does not alter the identity of a substance.

Chemical Change

A change that results in the formation of a new substance.

Heterogeneous Mixture

A mixture that is not uniform in composition.

Homogeneous Mixture

A mixture that is uniform in composition.

Pure Substance

Matter that can be either an element or a single compound.

Plasma

A state of matter where atoms lose electrons, occurring at high temperatures.

Filtration

A separation method used to separate solids from liquids.

Crystallization

A separation technique that produces solid crystals from a solution.

Distillation

A separation process that relies on differences in boiling points.

Chromatography

A technique used to separate components of a mixture based on different affinities.

Malleable

The property of a metal that allows it to be hammered into thin sheets.

Ductile

The property that allows metals to be drawn into thin wires.

Intensive Property

A property that does not depend on the amount of matter present.

Extensive Property

A property that depends on the amount of matter present.

Accuracy

How close a measurement is to the correct value.

Precision

How close multiple measurements are to each other.

Electronegativity

The ability of an element to attract electrons in a chemical bond.

Ionization Energy

The energy required to remove an electron from an atom.

Cation

A positively charged ion.

Anion

A negatively charged ion.

Stoichiometry

The study of quantitative relationships in a chemical reaction.

Limiting Reactant

The reactant that limits the extent of the reaction.

Excess Reactant

The reactant that remains after the reaction is complete.

Empirical Formula

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound.

Molecular Formula

The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.

Acid

A substance that produces H+ ions in solution.

Base

A substance that produces OH- ions in solution.

Electrolyte

A substance that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water.

Neutralization Reaction

A chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react to form water and a salt.

pH

A measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution.

Dilution

The process of reducing the concentration of a solute in a solution.

Phase Change

Transition of a substance from one state of matter to another.

Lewis Structure

A diagram that shows the bonding between atoms and the lone pairs of electrons.

Resonance Structure

Different Lewis structures for the same molecule that cannot be represented by a single structure.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Theory that describes the behavior of particles in different states of matter.

Crystalline Solid

A solid where the constituents are arranged in a highly ordered structure.

Amorphous Solid

A solid with a disordered arrangement of particles.

Gas Laws

Laws that describe the behavior of gases under various conditions of pressure and temperature.