MCPHS A&P 1 - Exam 1

Anatomy

Scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure

Physiology

Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things

Systemic Anatomy

Studied system by system

Surface Anatomy

External form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging

Cytology

Cellular anatomy

Histology

Study of tissues

Microscopic anatomy

Includes cytology and histology; structures that must be examined with a microscope

Cell Physiology

Exams processes in cells

Systemic Physiology

Functions of organ systems

Nuerophysiology

Focuses on the nervous system

Cardiovascular Physiology

The heart and blood vessels

Pathology

Structural and functional changes caused by disease

Exercise Physiology

Changes in structure and function caused by exercise

Chemical Level

Interaction of atoms

Cell Level

Structural and functional unit of living organisms

Tissue Level

Group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them

Organ Level

One or more tissues functioning together

Organ System Level

Group of organs functioning together

Organism level

Any Living Thing

Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Body

atoms -> molecules -> cell -> tissue -> organ -> organ system -> organism

Major Organs of the Body

Brain, spinal cord, lung, heart, liver, spleen, pancreas, stomach, gallbladder, kidneys, small intestine, large intestine, urinary bladder

Integumentary System Functions

Provide protection, regulate temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D

Integumentary System

Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands

Skeletal System Functions

Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fats

Skeletal System

Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints

Muscular System Functions

Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat

Muscular System

Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons

Lymphatic System Functions

Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract

Lymphatic System

Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs

Respiratory System Functions

Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages

Respiratory System

Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages

Digestive System Functions

Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes

Digestive System

Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organ

Nervous System Functions

A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions

Nervous System

Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors

Endocrine System Functions

A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions

Endocrine System

Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones

Cardiovascular System Functions

Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and regulation of body temperature

Cardiovascular System

Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

Urinary System Functions

Remove waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water

Urinary System

Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine

Female Reproductive System Functions

Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors

Female Reproductive System

Consists of ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands, and associated structures

Male Reproductive System Functions

Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors

Male Reproductive System

Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis

Characteristics of Life

Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth, Development, Differentiation, Morphogenesis, Reproduction

Organization

Condition in which there are specific relationships and functions

Metabolism

All chemical reactions of the body

Responsiveness

Abiilty to sense changes and adjust

Growth

Increases in size and/or number of cells

Development

Changes in an organism over time

Differentiation

Changes from general to specific

Morphogenesis

Changes in shape of tissues, organs

Reproduction

New cells or new organisms

Biomedical Research

Shared characteristics between living things drive research

Mammalian Research

Furthers human surgery and medicine

Homeostasis

Maintenance of relatively constant internal environment within the body

Set Point

The ideal normal value of a variable

Negative Feedback

Regulates most systems in the body; counteracts a change in a variable to help maintain homeostasis; uses a receptor, control center, and effector

Stimulus

Deviation from the set point; detected by the receptor

Negative Feedback Mechanism: Body Temperature

1. Receptors monitor the value of a variable (skin monitors body temperature). 2. Information about the value of the variable is sent to the control center; the control center (brain) compares the value against the set point. 3. If a response is necessary, the control center causes an effector to respond (sweat glands). 4. Once the value of the variable has returned to the set point the control center shuts off its control of the effector (sweating stops). [decreased temp = decrease stimulation of sweat glands and blood vessels constrict; skeletal muscle contractions cause shivering]

Changes of Blood Pressure During Exercise

See Diagram

Positive Feedback

When a deviation occurs, the response is to make the deviation greater; unusual in normal, healthy individuals

Normal Positive Feedback

Childbirth

Harmful Positive Feedback

After hemorrhage, blood pressure drops and the heart's ability to pump blood decreases

Positive Feedback Diagram

See Diagram

Negative Feedback Diagram

See Diagram

Anatomical Position

Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward

Supine

Lying face forward

Prone

Lying face downward

Superior (Cephalic) vs. Inferior (Caudal)

Toward or away from the head

Medial vs Lateral

Relative to the midline

Proximal vs Distal

Used to describe linear structures

Superficial vs Deep

Relative to the surface of the body

Anterior (Ventral) vs Posterior (Dorsal)

Anterior is forward; posterior is toward the back

Head (front of body)

Frontal (forehead), orbital (eye), nasal (nose), oral (mouth), otic (ear), buccal (cheek), mental (chin)

Neck (front of body)

Cervical

Trunk (front of body)

Thoracic (thorax), abdomen, pelvis

Thoracic (thorax; front of body)

Pectoral (chest), sternal (breastbone), mammary (breast)

Abdomen (front of body)

Abdominal (abdomen), umbilical (navel)

Pelvis (front of body)

Pelvic (pelvis), inguinal (groin), pubic (genital)

Upper Limb (front of body)

Clavicular (collarbone), axillary (armpit), brachial (arm), antecubital (front of elbow), antebrachial (forearm), carpal (wrist), manual (hand) [palmar (palm), digital (fingers)]

Lower Limb (front of body)

Coxal (hip), femoral (thigh), patellar (kneecap), crural (leg), pedal (foot) [talus (ankle), dorsum (tap of foot), digital (toes)]

Cranial (Skull; back of body)

Occipital (base of skull), nuchal (back of neck)

Trunk (back of body)

Dorsal (back), sacral (between hips), gluteal (buttock), perineal (perineum)

Dorsal (back; back of body)

Scapular (shoulder blade), vertebral (spinal column), lumbar (loin)

Upper Limb (back of body)

Acromial (point of shoulder), olecranon (point of elbow), dorsum (back of hand)

Lower Limb (back of body)

Popliteal (hollow behind knee), sural (calf), plantar (sole), calcaneal (heal)

Quadrant Divisions of the Abdomen

See Diagram

Regions of the Abdomen

See Diagram

Sagittal Plane

Divides body into left and right positions

Median Plane

A sagittal plane down the midline of the body

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Divides body into anterior + posterior sections

Transverse (horizontal) Plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior sections

Oblique Plane

Other than a right angle

Longitudinal Plane

Cut along the length of an organ

Transverse (Cross) Plane

Cut at right angle to the length of the organ

Oblique Cut

Cut at any angle but a right angle

Dorsal Body Cavity

Contains cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral cavity (spinal cord)

Ventral Body Cavity

Contains thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity