TEAS A&P

dorsal cavity

cranial (brain) and vertebral (spinal cord)

ventrla cavity

thoracic, diaphrahm, abdominal, pelvic

mitochondria

contains its own DNA, RNA, ribosomes

microfilaments

muscle contractions, actin, cytokinesis

intermediate filaments

strength/support (tension)

microtubules

train tracks/transportation, maintains structure

multinucleated

skeletal muscles, liver cells

enucleated

red blood cells

tissues

epithelial, muscle, connective, nervous

epithelial tissue

skin, lining of GI tract

muscle tissue

cardiac, smooth, skeletal

connective tissue

fat, bone, tendon

nervous tissue

brain, spinal cord, nerves

epithelial tissue

avascular, attached to basement membrane

endocrine gland

ductless, produces hormones that enter bloodstream, multicellular

exocrine gland

secretes products onto body surfaces/cavities thru ducts

exocrine gland example

salivary, liver, pancreas

collagen

dense connective tissue/structural; provides strength and elasticity

tendons, ligaments, skin

made of collagen

fibroblast

secrete collagen, elastin, and other proteins that give tissues their shape, strength, and elasticity

loose connective tissue

adipose and reticular tissue

cartilage

resists tension/compression, avascular (heals slow), no nerve fibers

bone/ossseous tissue

hardest connective tissue containing mostly collagen (lacunae, calcium, blood vessels)

are lymph and blood connective tissue

yes

epidermis

keratinized stratisfied squamous

keratinocytes role in epidermis

accumulate melanin, forming a UV blocking protection layer

langerhans cells

macrophages of skin located in epidermis

merkel cells

touch receptors in epidermis

dermis

vascularized, dense, irregular CT

two layers in dermis

papillary and reticular (lower)

meissners corpuscle

touch receptor within papillary layer of dermis

free nerve endings

within papillary layer of dermis

hypodermis

adipose tissue

first deg burn

damages only epidermis

second deg burn

damages epidermis and part of dermis

third deg burn

damages both epidermis, dermis, and part of hypodermis (painless bc nerves are destroyed)

fourth deg

destroys all layers of skin and goes into bone

what determines type of movement

joints

what serve as points of attachment for muscles

bones

bone storage

calcium, phosphorus, fat (yellow marrow)

erythropoiesis

blood cell formation in red marrow cavities of bone

flat bones

scapula, sternum, ribs, skull

irregular bones

facial bones

epiphyseal plate

layer of hyaline cartilage in a growing bone

osteocyte

bone maintenance

top to bottom - vertebral column

cervical (7)

thoracic (12)

lumbar (5)

sacral

primary curvature

thoracic, sacral

secondary curvature

cervical, lumbar

intervertebral discs

cartilage padding that allows for movement btwn adjacent vertebrae

c1 - atlas

supports skull, head nodding

c2 - axis

head rotation

thoracic vertebrae

attaches ribs

lumbar vertebrae

largest, carries most weight

sternum

connects ribs 1-7

acetabulum

where head of femur attaches to hip bone

ischium

bares weight while sitting

illium

large fan/superior region of hip

pubis

anterior portion where midline pubic symphysis joints

gout

type of arthritis caused by uric buildup, common on 1st metatarsal

fibrous joints

adjacent bones directly connected by fibrous CT (no joint cavity)

fibrous joints example

sutures in head

what joints have least ROM

fibrous joints

cartilaginous joints

adjacent bones united by cartilage

cartilaginous joints example

intervertebral discs

synovial joints

most common freely movable, contains joint cavity filled w synovial fluid

sarcoplasmic reticulum

specialized smooth ER that stores, releases, and retrieves calcium

sarcomere

functional unit of a muscle that shortens during muscle contraction

tropomyosin

blocks myosin binding site on actin molecule (inhibits contraction)

troponin

where calcium binds to shift tropomyosin *allows myosin to bind to actin

neuromuscular junction

bridge between motor neuron and muscle fiber

what happens when AP arrives at NMJ

ACh is released (triggers AP in muscle fiber causing Na+ influx), SR releases calcium that causes muscle contraction

calmodulin

regulates cross-bridge contractions in smooth muscle

isometric contraction

muscle contracts but doesnt change length

isotonic contraction

muscle contracts, changes length, and moves

wave summation

repeated stimulation before muscle relaxation causes stronger muscle contraction

tetanus

high frequency continuous stimulus (no relaxation phase), stops when muscle is fatigued

slow oxidative fibers

high endurance, slow contractions

fast oxidative

uses aerobic + anaerobic, fast contractions

fast glycolytic

anaerobic, short/powerful movements, fatigues faster

agonist

prime mover/main muscle in action (biceps brachii)

synergist

assists agonist (brachialis)

antagonist

opposite action of agonist controlling speed and stability (triceps brachii)

smooth muscle contractions

involuntary, slow, sustained (controlled by ANS)

smooth muscle contractions are found in

blood vessels, digestive tract, bladder

median nerve

compressed in carpal tunnel

ganglion

group of neuron cell bodies in PNS (gray matter)

nerve

bundle of axons in PNS (white matter)

nucleus

group of neuron cell bodies in CNS (gray matter)

tract

bundle of axons in CNS (white matter)

white matter

axons, presence of myelin = white

gray matter

soma and dendrites

node of ranvier

speeds up AP

synapse

junction between action terminal (chemical)

astrocytes

supports neurons + blood brain barrier (CNS)

oligodendrocytes

creates myelin (CNS)

microglia

macrophage of CNS

ependymal cells

filters blood to make CSF in CNS

satellite cells

surrounds soma (PNS)

schwann cells

myelination in PNS

sensory (afferent) neurons

transmit impulses from sensory receptor to CNS