Bio 171 Exam 1

What is the order of taxonomic hierarchy in biological classification?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

What makes hydrogen bonds strong in intermolecular interactions?

Polarity, where molecules with different electronegativities create partial charges.

List the basic functional groups of carbon.

Alcohol, phosphate, carboxylic acid, amine, carbonyl, and thiol.

What are the main components of biological membranes?

Lipids, steroids, fats, phospholipids, carbohydrates, with a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

What distinguishes RNA from DNA?

RNA contains ribose nucleic acid with both OH carbons, while DNA contains deoxyribose nucleic acid with one OH carbon.

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary.

What are the two types of secondary structures in proteins?

Alpha helices and beta plated sheets.

What characterizes tertiary structure in proteins?

Increased complexity and further folding of the protein.

What is the quaternary structure of proteins?

Several tertiary structures linked together.

Why do phospholipids form bilayers in water?

Because the head is hydrophilic and the tails are hydrophobic.

What is passive transport?

Transport that does not require energy to pass through the membrane.

What is facilitated diffusion?

A process that allows large molecules to pass through the membrane with the help of proteins.

What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?

Endocytosis is bringing molecules into the cell, while exocytosis is moving molecules out of the cell.

What is a key structural difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes do not have membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotes do.

What are the key differences between plant and animal cells?

Animal cells lack cell walls, chloroplasts, and a central vacuole which are found in plant cells.

What is the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

It is the only system that uses oxygen.

What are the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration?

Inputs include glucose and oxygen; outputs include carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

What is fermentation?

An anaerobic process that converts glucose to acids, gases, or alcohol.