Bio 171 Exam 1

Memorize taxonomic hierarchy

Understand what makes hydrogen bonds strong in intermolecular bonds (polarity)

Memorize the basic functional groups of carbon, alcohol, phosphate, carboxylic acid, amine, carbonyl, and thiol.

Understand the construction of the components of biological membranes: lipids, steroids, fats, phospholipids, carbohydrates, and the 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Memorize RNA and DNA nucleic acid

  • RNA = Ribose nucleic acid (contains both OH carbons)

  • DNA = Deoxyribose nucleic acid (contains only 1 OH carbon)

Know the structure of amino acids and their properties

Know the protein structure: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

Know the proteins secondary structure: Alpha helices and beta plated sheets

Know about Tertiary structure: Increased complexity and further folding of protein

Quaternary structure: Several tertiary structures linked together

*Should pay attention to the important organelles and their functions

  • Ribosomes, Nucleus, Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Peroxisomes etc.

Why do phospholipids form bilayers of water

  • The head is hydrophilic and the tails are hydrophobic.

-Molecules can traverse the cellular membrane through passive and active transport

Passive transport: Things that do not require energy to pass though

  • eg. sodium ions

Interior of the cell: lower concentration of NaCl inside of cell opposed to outside.

Free passage of molecules is called diffusion.

  • If the molecule is too large to pass the membrane freely it must have facilitated diffusion

Active Transport: Requires the use of energy (ATP) and typically happens when a particular molecule is moving against it’s concentration gradient.

Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis

  • Endo = Bringing in

  • Exo = Moving out

Know the structural differences between prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

  • Prokaryotes do not have membrane bound organelles, while Eukaryotes do.

Understand the key differences of Plant and Animal cells.

  • Animal cells do not have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a central vacuole

Electric transport chain is the only system that uses oxygen in cellular respiration

Know what is used and generated during cellular respiration and Fermentation