History of the UK & US – Key Terms (Video Notes)

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from Pages 1–8 of the lecture notes.

Treaty of Union (1707)

United England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Acts of Union (1800)

United Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

American Revolution

Struggle of the 13 American colonies against British rule to gain independence.

Boston Tea Party (1773)

Colonists protested the tea tax by dumping tea into Boston Harbor. (Người dân thuộc địa phản đối thuế trà bằng cách đổ trà xuống Cảng Boston.)

American Revolutionary War

War fought from 1775 to 1783 for American independence. Cuộc chiến diễn ra từ năm 1775 đến năm 1783 để giành độc lập cho nước Mỹ.

Declaration of Independence

Tuyên ngôn độc lập

Document declaring the colonies free and independent; main author Thomas Jefferson; adopted July 4, 1776.

Văn bản tuyên bố các thuộc địa được tự do và độc lập; tác giả chính là Thomas Jefferson; thông qua ngày 4 tháng 7 năm 1776.

Peace of Paris (1783)

Ended the American Revolutionary War; Britain recognized U.S. independence.

Victorian Era (1837–1901)

Britain’s period of rapid industrialization, empire expansion, and social reforms.

Thời kỳ công nghiệp hóa nhanh chóng, mở rộng đế chế và cải cách xã hội của Anh.

American Civil War

War 1861–1865 over slavery; Union vs Confederacy; Lincoln; abolition of slavery; federal supremacy.

Chiến tranh 1861–1865 về chế độ nô lệ; Liên bang chống lại Liên minh miền Nam; Lincoln; bãi bỏ chế độ nô lệ; quyền tối cao của liên bang.

Confederacy

liên bang

Secessionist faction that fought against the Union in the Civil War.

Phe ly khai đã chiến đấu chống lại Liên bang trong Nội chiến.

Abraham Lincoln

President of the U.S. during the Civil War; led to abolition of slavery.

World War I (1914–1918)

Global conflict; UK entered after invasion of Belgium; US joined in 1917.

Xung đột toàn cầu; Anh tham gia sau khi xâm lược Bỉ; Hoa Kỳ tham gia vào năm 1917.

Zimmermann Telegram

Điện tín Zimmermann

German proposal to Mexico; helped push the U.S. to war in WWI.

Đề xuất của Đức với Mexico; góp phần thúc đẩy Hoa Kỳ tham chiến trong Thế chiến thứ nhất.

New Deal

Roosevelt’s 1930s program to combat the Depression: relief, recovery, reform.

Chương trình của Roosevelt vào những năm 1930 nhằm chống lại cuộc Đại suy thoái: cứu trợ, phục hồi, cải cách.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

U.S. President who implemented the New Deal.

Roaring Twenties

1920s era of economic prosperity and cultural dynamism in the U.S.

Thời kỳ thịnh vượng kinh tế và năng động văn hóa ở Hoa Kỳ vào những năm 1920.

Jazz (1920s)

Music style that became popular in the United States during the Roaring Twenties.

Great Depression

Đại suy thoái

Global downturn; causes include overproduction, speculation, inequality, bank failures, reduced trade.

Suy thoái toàn cầu; nguyên nhân bao gồm sản xuất quá mức, đầu cơ, bất bình đẳng, ngân hàng phá sản, giảm thương mại.

World War II (1939–1945)

Global conflict; Allies vs Axis; major turning points and after-effects.

Winston Churchill

British Prime Minister from 1940 to 1945.

Pearl Harbor

Japanese attack on December 7, 1941, drawing the U.S. into WWII.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

A-bombings on Aug 6 and 9, 1945; led to Japan’s surrender.

San Francisco Conference (1945)

Conference where the United Nations was formulated.

Cold War

Tension between the U.S./West and the Soviet Union/East; proxy wars, arms race, space race.

Capitalism vs. Communism

Core ideological conflict of the Cold War.

Constitutional monarchy

Monarch as head of state with powers limited by a constitution.

Parliamentary democracy

Executive drawn from and accountable to the legislature.

Representative democracy

Citizens elect representatives to make decisions.

Separation of powers

Division of government into legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

UK constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy

Monarch as head of state; Prime Minister as head of government; majority in House of Commons.

US federal republic with a presidential system

Power divided between federal and state governments with three branches.

American federalism

Division of powers between federal and state governments.

GDP

Total value of goods and services produced (economic output).

GDP per capita

GDP divided by population; measure of average economic output per person.

Inflation rate

Rate at which general price levels rise.

Unemployment rate

Share of the labor force that is unemployed.

Mixed economy

Economies with market activity plus government intervention.

UK trade partners

EU countries, United States, China.

US trade partners

Canada, Mexico, China, European Union.

UK economic sectors

Finance, services, manufacturing, creative industries.

US economic sectors

Technology, finance, manufacturing, agriculture, entertainment.

Structural shifts in economies

Move from agriculture/manufacturing to services, finance, and technology.

London as a financial center

London’s role as a global financial hub and its economic impact.

Thatcherism

Free markets, privatization, deregulation, reduced unions, smaller welfare state.

Brexit

UK’s withdrawal from the EU and its economic/political implications.

Three goals of American education (Labaree)

Democratic equality, social efficiency, social mobility.

Educationalization

Tendency to ask schools to solve broad social problems.

1944 Education Act (England & Wales)

Free secondary education, tripartite system, raised school-leaving age.

Progressive education

Child-centered, learning by doing, critical thinking, active participation.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Racial segregation in public schools ruled unconstitutional; ended 'separate but equal.'

Affirmative action in education

Policies to promote opportunities for historically disadvantaged groups.

No Child Left Behind (2001)

U.S. law emphasizing standardized testing, accountability, and progress funding.

Ongoing problems in UK education

Educational inequality, funding challenges, regional disparities.

Ongoing problems in US education

Achievement gap, unequal access, high cost of higher education.