bio 30 unit c1
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81 Terms
What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid; the carrier of genetic information.
What does DNA store?
Genetic information used to build and maintain an organism.
What is the central dogma?
DNA is transcribed into RNA, and RNA is translated into protein.
What is a genome?
All the DNA in a cell.
What is a gene?
A segment of DNA that codes for an RNA molecule and usually a polypeptide.
What is a nucleotide?
A deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
What is the backbone of DNA made of?
Alternating phosphate and deoxyribose sugar.
What are the four DNA bases?
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine.
What are the four RNA bases?
Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, and Guanine.
What base replaces thymine in RNA?
Uracil.
What is a purine?
Adenine or Guanine.
What is a pyrimidine?
Cytosine or Thymine.
What are the complementary DNA base pairs?
A pairs with T, and C pairs with G.
What rule says A = T and C = G in DNA?
Chargaff’s rule.
What is the shape of DNA?
A double helix.
Who helped identify the structure of DNA using X-rays?
Rosalind Franklin.
Who produced the DNA structural model?
Watson and Crick.
What did Hershey and Chase prove?
DNA, not protein, is the genetic material.
What is transformation?
A change in genotype caused when cells take up foreign genetic material.
What is DNA replication?
The process of making an exact copy of DNA.
What does semi-conservative replication mean?
Each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one new strand.
What starts the replication process?
Hydrogen bonds between the DNA bases break and the strands separate.
What is a replication origin?
The starting point where DNA replication begins.
What does helicase do?
Unwinds and separates DNA strands.
What do single-strand binding proteins do?
Hold the separated DNA strands apart.
What does primase do?
Makes the RNA primer that starts DNA replication.
What is a primer?
A short RNA segment that gives DNA polymerase a starting point.
What does DNA polymerase do?
Adds complementary nucleotides and proofreads the new strand.
In what direction does DNA polymerase build?
5' to 3'.
What is the leading strand?
The strand copied continuously during replication.
What is the lagging strand?
The strand copied in short fragments during replication.
What are Okazaki fragments?
Short DNA fragments made on the lagging strand.
What does ligase do?
Joins Okazaki fragments together.
What happens at the end of DNA replication?
The DNA rewinds into a double helix and the replication machinery comes apart.
What are the three main stages of replication?
Initiation, elongation, and termination.
What are the two major steps of protein synthesis?
Transcription and translation.
What is transcription?
Making an mRNA copy from DNA.
What is translation?
Using mRNA to assemble a protein.
What enzyme starts transcription?
RNA polymerase.
Where does transcription begin?
At the promoter region on the DNA.
What is the template strand?
The DNA strand that is copied into mRNA.
What is the non-template strand?
The DNA strand not copied during transcription.
What happens to mRNA after transcription?
It leaves the nucleus and moves to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
What is a codon?
Three bases on mRNA that code for one amino acid.
What is the start codon?
AUG.
What are the stop codons?
UAA, UAG, and UGA.
What is the role of tRNA?
It brings a specific amino acid to the ribosome.
What is an anticodon?
A three-base sequence on tRNA that pairs with an mRNA codon.
What does the ribosome do?
It attaches to mRNA and helps build the polypeptide.
What are peptide bonds?
Bonds that join amino acids together in a chain.
How many amino acids are used in proteins?
20.
What is the difference between transcription and translation?
Transcription makes mRNA from DNA; translation makes protein from mRNA.
What is a polypeptide?
A chain of amino acids.
What is a mutation?
A permanent, inheritable change in genetic material.
What are somatic mutations?
Mutations in body cells.
What are germ-line mutations?
Mutations in sex cells that can be inherited.
What is a frameshift mutation?
An insertion or deletion that shifts the reading frame.
What is a point mutation?
A substitution of one nucleotide for another.
What is a silent mutation?
A mutation with no apparent effect on the polypeptide.
What is a missense mutation?
A mutation that changes one amino acid and may alter the protein.
What is a nonsense mutation?
A mutation that creates a stop codon and stops protein formation early.
What are mutagens?
Agents that cause mutations.
What are examples of physical mutagens?
X-rays, gamma rays, and UV radiation.
What are examples of chemical mutagens?
Nitrites, gas fumes, and smoke.
What is cancer in this unit?
Uncontrolled cell division of unusable cells, often forming tumors.
What is an oncogene?
An activated cancer-causing gene.
What do regulator genes do?
They produce repressor proteins that turn genes off.
What is recombinant DNA?
DNA formed by joining genetic material from different organisms.
What is gene splicing?
Inserting a gene from one organism into the DNA of another.
How is insulin made using recombinant DNA?
The insulin gene and a bacterial plasmid are cut with the same restriction enzyme, joined with ligase, and put into bacteria to produce insulin.
What do restriction enzymes do?
Cut DNA at specific sequences.
What does ligase do in recombinant DNA?
Joins the donor gene to the plasmid.
What is biotechnology?
The use of living organisms or their DNA to make useful products.
What is genomics?
The study of entire genomes.
What is proteomics?
The study of proteins produced by a genome.
What is the Human Genome Project?
An international project that mapped the human genome in 2003.
What is DNA fingerprinting used for?
Forensics, paternity testing, and identifying individuals.
Why is DNA fingerprinting useful?
Each person’s DNA base arrangement is unique.
What is electrophoresis?
A method that separates DNA fragments by size using electricity in a gel.
What happens to smaller DNA fragments during electrophoresis?
They move farther through the gel.
What happens to larger DNA fragments during electrophoresis?
They move a shorter distance.