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Identify all structures associated with skeleton of thoracic limb.

scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpal bones, metacarpal bones, proximal sesamoid bones, phalanx, distal sesamoid bones

Identify all structures associated with skeleton of pelvic limb.

pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula, hock (ankle), tarsal bones, metatarsals, phalanx

Weight-bearing difference between thoracic and pelvic limb and what this means.

The thoracic limbs carry most of the weight of the trunk which makes the thoracic limbs more weight-bearing than the pelvic limbs.

How does the thoracic limb attach to the trunk?

synsarcosis

What are the components of the thoracic limb to the trunk attachment?

girdle muscles = superficial layer and deep layer

The scapula is what type of bone?

flat bone

What are some species differences seen with the scapula?

ruminants have a cartilaginous extension

Who has a clavicle?

cats and rabbits have a cartilaginous clavicle, dogs have a rudimentary clavicle

The humerus is what type of bone?

long bone

How does the scapula attach to the humerus?

head of the humerus inserts to the glenoid cavity

What are the components of the quadruped brachium?

humerus

What are the components of the quadruped forearm?

radius and ulna

What structure is lateral, on the proximal humerus, and opposes the head?

greater tubercle

What structure is more medial on the proximal humerus?

lesser tubercle

What is unique about the proximal humerus in horses?

intermediate tubercle

What is significant about the humeral epicondyles?

originates the flexors and extensors of the forearm, for muscle attachment

What is significant about the humeral condyles?

articulates with the radius in large animals but with the ulna in smaller animals

What is the difference between the humeral condyles and epicondyles?

the condyles articulate with the ulna and the epidoncyles are areas of attachments of the muscles of the forearm

How does the humerus articulate with the forearm?

condyles on the distal surface of the humerus articulate with the ulna

What is the weight-bearing bone of the quadruped forearm?

radius

Define: anconeal process

projection on the proximal end that fits into the olecranon fossa

Define: trochlear notch

depression on the proximal end for articulation of the humerus

Define: styloid process

distal pointed end of the ulna

Define: olecranon

point of elbow

Describe the structure of the carpus/carpal joint.

two rows of carpal bones in domestic species, mediolateral identification

What are species differences seen with the carpus?

fusion of or missing bones

What bones of of the carnivore carpus are fused?

radial carpal bone and intermediate carpal bone

What bones of of the equine carpus are fused?

carpus bone 1 is very small

What bones of of the bovine carpus are fused?

carpus 2 and 3 are fused, carpus 1 does not exist

Define: plantigrade

flat footed

Define: digitigrade

supported on digits only

Define: unguligrade

supported on tips of digits (hooves)

Describe which digits are "functional"?

digit 3 is the only functional digit in horses

Which digits are reduced in pigs?

digit 2 and digit 5

Which digits are vestigial in ruminants?

digit 1, digit 2, and digit 5

Which digits are vestigial in horses?

digit 2 and digit 4

Which digits are lost?

abaxial digits lose contact 1st

What species are digitigrade?

dogs and cats

What species are plantigrade?

humans

What species are unguligrade?

ruminants, pigs, and horses

Identify muscles for thoracic limb that advance the limb.

superficial layer = superficial pectoral, trapezius, omotransversarius, brachiocephalicus, latissimus dorsi

Identify muscles for thoracic limb that retract the limb.

deep layer = serratus ventralis, rhombodieus, pectoralis profundus

Identify muscles for thoracic limb that adduct the limb.

superficial pectoral, rhomboideus

Identify muscles for thoracic limb that abduct the limb.

trapezius and deltoideus

Identify muscles for thoracic limb that flex the limb and joints located more distally.

biceps brachii, brachialis, flexors (flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, superficial digital flexor, deep digital flexor)

Identify muscles for thoracic limb that extend the limb and joints located more distally.

triceps brachii, extensors (extensor carpi radialis, extensor carpi obliquus, common digital extensor)

Identify muscles for pelvic limb that adduct the limb.

medial group (gracilis, pectineus, adductor, external obturator, sartorius)

Identify muscles for pelvic limb that abduct the limb.

middle gluteal and deep gluteal

Identify muscles for pelvic limb that flex the limb and joints located more distally.

tensor fasciae latae, popliteus

Muscles acting on ____________ flex the hock and extend the digits.

craniolateral tibia

Muscles acting on the_____________ extend the hock and flex the digits.

caudal tibia

Identify muscles for pelvic limb that extend the limb and joints located more distally.

caudal group (biceps femoris, semitendinous, semimemnbranosus), quadriceps femoris

Extensors of the forearm originate from where?

lateral humerus epicondyle

Extensors of the carpus originate from where?

lateral humerus epicondyle

Extensors of the digits originate from where?

lateral humerus epicondyle

Flexors of the forearm originate from where?

medial humerus epicondyle

Flexors of the carpus originate from where?

medial humerus epicondyle

Flexors of the digits originate from where?

medial humerus epicondyle

What are species differences in how extensors insert?

the number of branches to funcitonal digits

What species has unbranched branches of the the extensor insertion?

horses

What species has 5 branches of the the extensor insertion?

cat

What species has 4 branches of the the extensor insertion?

dog

What are species differences in where extensors insert?

depends on whether or not the ulna is present, if not it inserts on the distal radius

Nerves that supply the thoracic limb originate from where?

brachial plexus, C5 - T2 spinal nerves

What are the nerves that supply the thoracic limb?

suprascapular, musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, medial, ulnar

What are the components of the hip?

ilium, pubis, ischium, acetabulum

How does the hip articulate with the trunk?

the ilium articulates with the sacrum

The femur is what type of bone?

long bone

What are the proximal landmarks of the femur?

head, neck, fovea capitis, greater trochanter, and femoral triangle

What are the distal landmarks of the femur?

medial and lateral condyles, trochlea

Where is the femoral head - proximal/distal, medial/lateral, caudal/cranial, etc?

proximal, medial, caudal

How does the hip articulate with the femur?

the head articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis

How does the femur articulate with the lower leg?

the medial and lateral condyles articulate with the tibia

What is the joint called where the femur articulates with the lower leg?

femorotibial joint

What are the bones of the lower leg?

tibia and fibula

What is significant about the femoral condyles?

they only contact the tibia, not the fibula

What is gonitis?

inflammation of one of the three joint spaces in the stifle joint

What is a "positive cranial drawer sign"?

movement of the tibia cranially in relation to a stable femur

Describe the cruciate ligaments. Anterior = cranial and posterior = caudal.

cranial cruciate ligament is the caudal femur crossing to the cranial tibia

the caudal cruciate ligament is the cranial femur crossing to the caudal tibia

How are the cruciate ligaments named?

for their tibial attachment

What is the weight-bearing bone of the lower leg?

tibia

Which is more medial/lateral: tibia/fibula?

tibia

What are the species differences between radius/ulna and tibia/fibula?

in heavier quadrupeds there is greater fusion between both the radius/ulna and tibia/fibula

What is the distal articulation of the lower leg?

the cochlea of the tibia articulates with the talus

What is the joint of the distal articulation of the lower leg called?

tarsal joint, hock

Describe the tarsus.

arranged in three tiers = proximal (talus and calcenus), middle (central tarsal bone), and distal (up to 4 tarsal bones)

What is the difference in ruminants tarsus?

central bone and 4th tarsal bone are fused

What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?

patella

What is the tibial/medial malleolus?

hook like projection off the cochlea of the distal and medial tibia

What is the fibular/lateral malleolus?

hook like projection off the distal and lateral fibula as long as the fibula is present

Describe the muscles acting on the hip joint.

gluteal, medial, deep, and caudual groups

Describe the muscles acting on the stifle.

extensors and flexors

Describe the muscles acting on the hock.

extensors and flexors

Describe the muscles acting on the digits.

extenors and flexors

Describe the reciprocal mechanism.

hock and stifle joints move in unison

What does the reciprocal mechanism do?

ensures that the stifle and hock joints move in unison

What tendons are involved in the reciprocal mechanism?

peroneus tertius and superficial digital flexor

Describe the Passive-Stay apparatus.

fixation of the stifle and hock joints that allows the horse to rest its weight on the caudal trunk of the pelvic limbs, prevents the collapse of bones of the pelvic limb

What is its significance of the passive-stay apparatus?

prevents collapse of the bones of the pelvic limb

How does the passive-stay apparatus work?

allows the horse to rest its weight of the caudal trunk on the pelvic limb