Special Education Final exam

Components of IDEA

FAPE, LRE, IEP, nondiscriminatory evaluation, parent participation, procedural safeguards

Which IDEA principle prevents exclusion from education?

Zero Reject

Goal of No Child Left Behind

Ensure all students reach proficiency through accountability

First step before special education referral

General education interventions (RTI/pre-referral)

What is an IEP?

Legal document outlining goals, services, and accommodations

IEP components

Present levels, goals, services, accommodations, placement, progress monitoring

Co-teaching models

One teach/one assist, station, parallel, alternative, team teaching

What is LRE?

Learning with peers without disabilities as much as possible

IDEA age range for IEP

3–21

Family reactions to disability identification

Shock, denial, anger, guilt, acceptance

Open-ended question

Requires more than yes/no answer

Respite care

Temporary caregiving relief

Family support

Services/resources for families

Parent-to-parent support

Emotional support from other parents

Types of needs assessments

Norm-referenced, criterion-referenced, curriculum-based, observation/interview

Criteria for intellectual disability

Low IQ, adaptive deficits, onset before 18

IQ range for intellectual disability

Approximately 70–75 or below

Self-determination

Ability to make choices and control life

Why prevalence rates vary

Differences in definitions and identification

Functional academics

Practical life skills (money, reading signs)

Drawback of discrepancy model

Must fail before qualifying for help

Advantage of RTI

Early intervention and ongoing support

LD and behavior research

Many students with LD also have behavior issues

Defining trait of LD

Unexpected underachievement

% of disabilities that are LD

About 40–50%

Gender differences in emotional disabilities

Males identified more often

Kingpin of behavior

Consequences

Screening for emotional disorders

Rating scales, observations, reports

PBIS

Schoolwide system reinforcing positive behavior

Define autism

Disorder affecting communication, social interaction, behavior

Autism vs Asperger’s

Asperger’s has average/high IQ and no major language delay

Social stories

Short stories teaching social behavior

ABA

Reinforcement-based behavior teaching

Smallest unit of meaning

Morpheme

Receptive language disorder

Difficulty understanding language

Communication disorder criteria

Speech/language issues affecting learning

When infants hear speech sounds

At birth/early infancy

Residual hearing

Remaining usable hearing

Problems for deaf students

Language delays, communication barriers

Why hearing loss is hard to detect

Young children can’t communicate it clearly

Deaf culture language

American Sign Language (ASL)

IDEA visual impairment definition focus

Impact on education

Cognitive issues with visual impairment

Abstract/spatial difficulties

Why more visually impaired than reported

Not all identified under IDEA

Hardest colors for color blindness

Red and green

Most common physical disability

Cerebral palsy

Spina bifida

Spinal defect; needs mobility/medical supports

Main cause of spinal cord injury

Motor vehicle accidents

Aura

Warning before seizure

IDEA health impairment clause

Must affect education

Common cause of hospitalization

Asthma/chronic illness

Type 2 diabetes increase

Obesity/lifestyle

Self-monitoring + ADHD

Improves behavior/attention

Assistive technology

Devices/tools that support learning

TBI

Traumatic brain injury

Why review TBI IEP often

Needs change over time

Least appropriate teen activity

Childish/non-age-appropriate tasks

Best leisure for severe disabilities

Age-appropriate inclusive activities

Goals of inclusion

Independence, participation, quality of life

Functional assessment

Identifies cause of behavior

Choice-making importance

Builds independence

Outcome for gifted students

Often underchallenged

Identification models

IQ, multiple criteria, performance-based

Underidentified groups

Culturally diverse, low-income

Qualitative tools

Observation, portfolios, interviews

Cause of underrepresentation

Bias in systems/tests

Twice exceptional

Gifted + disability

Acceleration

Faster progression through curriculum

Tiered lessons

Different levels of instruction

Bloom’s Taxonomy

Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, Create

Early intervention

Services for young children with delays

5 developmental domains

Cognitive, physical, communication, social-emotional, adaptive

Adaptive development

Daily living skills

Early intervention age

Birth–3

Most important person

Family

Apgar scale

Newborn health rating

IFSP review

Every 6 months

IFSP vs IEP

IFSP family-focused; IEP school-focused

Transition barriers

Employment, independence, social skills

Least social participation

Individuals with severe disabilities

Employment types

Competitive, supported, sheltered

Living environments

Independent, supported, group homes

Natural cues

Environmental signals guiding behavior

College attendance rate

About 30–40%

Leisure activities

Sports, hobbies, social events

Self-advocacy

Speaking up for needs/rights

Why self-advocacy matters

Promotes independence and success