DHED 316 last section frfr (exam 3)

Why should we do sealants in conjunction with fluoride

protects from pit and fissure decay compared to smooth surface decay

According to the CDC sealants help prevent ____% of cavities over 2 years

80

According to the CDC less than ___% of children and adolescents have dental sealants (not many sealant programs)

- ___% of kids aged 6 to 11 have sealants on permanent teeth

- ___% of adolescents from 12 to 19 have sealants on permanent teeth

50

42

48

According to the CDC school-age kids (ages 6-11) without sealants have almost have ____ times as many cavities in the first molars

3

According to the CDC estimates are that applying sealants in school for about ___ million kids from low-income families could save up to $300 million in dental treatment costs

7

What are the 3 dental sealants advantages?

1. can be done in the community using mobile/ portable equipment

2. it is effective long-term

3. huge savings in future dental treatment

What are the 2 disadvantages of dental sealants?

1. dental personnel and adequate equipment have to be present

2. it can be costly unless we use volunteers

What are types of periodontal disease prevention

they are episodic school based programs that are not usually comprehensive

ex: tooth brushing, education

What are the advantages of periodontal disease prevention programs (2) **

- it raises awareness of dental health

- it may be the only way children have access to some dental care system

What are the disadvantages of periodontal disease prevention programs (5) **

- it can be costly in supplies and time

- theres not enough facilities or storage space

- there is lack of teacher support

- it can be a mess

- there are still minimal studies regarding effectiveness

What are injury prevention programs dental/ dental hygiene professions should support? (5) **

1. drinking and driving prevention

2. cycle helmet programs

3. seat belt and child safety programs

4. sports mouthguard

5. fall prevention equipment (handrails, non-skid flooring)

Is there enough information on oral cancer prevention

- there is lack of public awareness

- we need for comprehensive education interventions

What kind of school-based intervention programs promote oral cancer prevention **

- it can start as early as 3rd grade

- discusses cigarettes and spit tobacco (to prevent kids from using)

What kind of oral cancer prevention can we promote for high-risk populations **

adult intervention programs

How can we promote oral cancer prevention to minors (4) **

- decrease tobacco sales to minors

- increases merchant education

- increased cost of tobacco products

- enforcement of laws/ associated fines

How can we educate the public on oral health (5) **

- we can emphasize the importance of fluoride in preventing decay

- we can emphasize the purpose of dental sealants

- we can emphasize the signs and symptoms of gum disease

- we can emphasize the risk factors, signs, and symptoms of oral cancer

- we can emphasize the need for routine oral exams

How can we educate other medical providers on oral health (5)

- we can educate our colleagues on the benefits of fluoride for adult pts

- we can educate our colleagues on patient risk factors for oral cancer

- we can educate our colleagues on the need for routine oral exams

What are the 5 steps of the dental hygiene process of care?

assess, diagnose, plan, implement, evaluate

Quick define: diagnose

problem indentification

Quick define: plan

selection of interventions

Quick define: implement

activating the plan

Quick define: evaluate

feedback on effectiveness

What is the assessment process

data collection; baseline data, which identifies the extent and severity of need

For the assessment phase obtain _____________ ___________ for planning, program evaluation, and determination of changes in disease trends

- bases for writing objective and evaluation

baseline data

What should we measure in the assessment phase? (7) **

1. population profile (age, ethnicity, education, income)

2. epidemiology (pattern/distribution of diseases)

3. existing programs

4. leadership (community leaders)

5. human element (perceived needs, access to care, demand vs need, values)

6. resources (public/private/insurance funds, facilities, labor)

7. fluoride (fluoride content, attitudes, laws, RX, mouth rinse programs)

Oral health promotion programs heavily rely on [ ] for funding

grants

What is the difference bt a line-item grant and a block grant

a line-item grant - type of grant where an itemized statement and details for where the money is going to need to be provided before money is given

a block grant - type of grant where a lump-sum of money is asked for and it is given. “in order to do this program, we need $50,000”

What is quantitative data

- Type of data to collect during assessment

• data should be objective and measurable. It numerically represents the size of a problem, such as incidence and prevalence rates, plaque scores, and DMF scores.

What is qualitative data

- Type of data to collect assessment:

• data which reflects the quality of things that cannot be measured or analyzed numerically. It helps explain why a problem exists and identify trends, such as the reasons people do not utilize dental services.

What are sources of information (4)

1. existing information

2. community agencies

3. conduct surveys

4. clinical screenings

What are examples of existing information (4)

literature search (evidence based); national/ state health surveys; census bureau; dental records/ charts

What are examples of community agencies (5)

state/ local health departments; dental/ hygiene societies; chamber of commerce; voluntary health agencies; universities

What are conduct surveys survey

- Source of information during assessment phase:

• they are useful for assessing oral health knowledge, behaviors, values, and attitudes. A self-administered written survey is best for large groups, while telephone interviews, person-to-person interviews, and focus groups can provide more detailed information.

What is clinical screening

Source of information during assessment phase:

- to collect information about oral health status

Exam or Screening: which is more thorough

exam

Exam or Screening: which is a quick assessment of the gross need

screening

True or False?

Exams and screening do not include any other service other than awareness

true

What are the 4 types of clinical screenings? **

type 1; type 2; type 3; type 4

Describe a type 1 clinical screening **

- complete exam using mirror, explorer, radiographs, pulp vitality test, study models that is rarely used in public health

- it is harder to do in communities because it is more comprehensive

Describe a type 2 clinical screening **

- it is a limited exam using mirror, explorer, posterior bitewings mostly for individuals

- but it is hard to do in communities because it is more comprehensive

Describe a type 3 clinical screening

- inspection using mirror, explorer, and adequate illumination

- more common in public health

Describe a type 4 clinical screening **

- it is a screening with tongue depressor and available illumination ONLY

- it is becoming more favored (because it is easy) and less sensitive as it does not give most accurate info

Which types of clinical screenings are rarely used in public health (2) **

Type 1 & 2

What type of clinical screening is more common in public health? Which is becoming more favored **

Type 3 & 4

Type 4

What does the diagnosis phase require us to do? What is a drawback

- it prioritizes specific needs of some population prioritization of needs or a target population

- limited resources require that we decide who needs services the most

During the diagnosis phase, what 2 things do you need to decide?

what community you will serve; what problem you will address

What are the 2 common ways to set priorities during the diagnosis phase?

1. We take tackle issues affecting larger populations than issues that affect smaller populations

2. we tackle more serious problems over less serious problems

What is a goal **

broad statement of what program will accomplish (during diagnosis)

CAN NOT BE MEASURED

What is an objective **

- specific, measurable statement describing desired result of program (during diagnosis)

- if correctly written, it helps w evaluation of program

What are the 5 components of an objective for promotion? **

what, extent, who, where, when

Describe the 5 components of an objective for promotion **

1. what - condition or situation to be attained

2. extent - scope and magnitude of condition or situation to be attained

3. who - target group in which attainment will occur

4. where - geographic areas of program

5. when - time at or by which desired condition or situation is to exist

What are the 2 types of objectives? **

outcome + process

What is an outcome objective **

it states reduction of problem

ex: by 2030, no more than 10% of population aged 6-17 old in toothtown will lose any teeth a result of caries

How would you assess this objective?

By 2030, no more than 10% of population aged 6 to 17 years old in toothtown will have lost any teeth as result of caries

DMF index

What does this indicate about the baseline data?

By 2030, no more than 10% of population aged 6 to 17 years old in toothtown will have lost any teeth as result of caries

more than 10% of the population aged 6-17 lost teeth due to caries

What component of the objective is highlighted?

By 2030, no more than 10% of population aged 6 to 17 years old in toothtown will have lost any teeth as result of caries

when

What component of the objective is highlighted?

By 2030, no more than 10% of population aged 6 to 17 years old in toothtown will have lost any teeth as result of caries

extent

What component of the objective is highlighted?

By 2030, no more than 10% of population aged 6 to 17 years old in toothtown will have lost any teeth as result of caries

who

What component of the objective is highlighted?

By 2030, no more than 10% of population aged 6 to 17 years old in toothtown will have lost any teeth as result of caries

where

What component of the objective is highlighted?

By 2030, no more than 10% of population aged 6 to 17 years old in toothtown will have lost any teeth as result of caries

what

What is a process objective **

states solution to a problem

How would you assess this objective?

By 2030, 90% of the population in toothtown will have access to fluoridated water supply

call water company to see the proportion of people in their community that have fluoridated water

What does this indicate about the baseline data?

By 2030, 90% of the population in toothtown will have access to fluoridated water supply

less than 90% of the population have fluoridated water

What component of the objective is highlighted?

By 2030, 90% of the population in toothtown will have access to fluoridated water supply

when

What component of the objective is highlighted?

By 2030, 90% of the population in toothtown will have access to fluoridated water supply

extent

What component of the objective is highlighted?

By 2030, 90% of the population in toothtown will have access to fluoridated water supply

who

What component of the objective is highlighted?

By 2030, 90% of the population in toothtown will have access to fluoridated water supply

where

What component of the objective is highlighted?

By 2030, 90% of the population in toothtown will have access to fluoridated water supply

what

Describe program planning

- a blueprint for the dental program that outlines the methods to conduct and evaluate the program, as well as possible alternatives and constraints.

- activities are the actual procedures carried out to achieve the program objectives.

What are the 4 things selection of methods are based on during program planning?

effectiveness; practicality; cost; community acceptance

What do we do w planning constraints? How do we overcome this **

we need to identify roadblocks that will/ could inhibit your plan

- community involvement is essential

What are 8 common constraints with community dental programs? **

1. lack of funding

2. attitudes of professional organizations

3. inadequate transportation

4. personnel shortages

5. community attitudes

6. lack of facilities

7. time to complete project

8. dental practice act

What is a planning alternative

- this is plan b/ plan c if your first choice can't happen

- aka different methods which could achieve objective

What are examples of planning alternatives (9)

- community water fluoridation

- school water fluoridation

- school fluoride supplements

- school mouth rinse program

- topical fluoride treatments

- school diet control

- sealants

- dental health education

- media programs

Describe the implementation phase

- the part of putting the plan into operation (formative programs)

- make changes and adjustments in the program, as needed

- including a pilot program

What is a pilot program

- our OH promotion on a small scale as a trial run.

- it is a common first step in community health programs

What are step to do during the hire process of implementation (5)

1. we have to find funding

2. then we have to review hiring policies and see how we can create a job description appropriately

3. then we will advertise that position

4. after that time, we will interview applicants

5. once we actually have our, we have to train the person on the specifics of our program

What are step to do during the train process of implementation (3)

1. establish training time and location

2. prepare orientation materials

3. notify people of training date/ time/ location

What is the evaluation phase

- we measure the progress towards meeting objectives by evaluating effectiveness of program

- we identify any problems in carrying out activities and justify cost of program to get additional funds

The evaluation method is dependent on [ ]

objectives

-evaluate decrease in …

-evaluate increase in …

What are examples of quantitative data (2)

- pre-test/ post test exams

- dental indicies

What are examples of qualitative data (3)

- surveys

- interview

- personal statements

What are the 2 types of evaluations? **

formative; summative

What is a formative evaluation **

- internal

- examines program activities as they take place

- is program operating smoothly or are changes needed

What is a summative evaluation **

- evaluates success of program after it has occurred and if objectives were accomplished

What 2 things do evaluation mechanisms need to be?

valid; reliable

Define valid

measure what they are supposed to measure

Define what is means to be reliable and examples **

produce same results on a consistent basis

ex: interrater and intrarater

measured; evaluated

Each stated objective must be ________________ and ________________