AP gov clauses

Commerce Clause (Article I, Section 8)

Grants Congress power to regulate interstate commerce.

Supremacy Clause (Article VI)

Makes the Constitution and federal laws supreme to state laws.

Necessary & Proper (Elastic) Clause (Article I, Section 8)

Allows Congress to make laws "necessary and proper" for executing its powers.

Full Faith & Credit Clause (Article IV)

Requires states to respect other states' public acts, records, and judicial proceedings.

Privileges & Immunities Clause (Article IV)

Prevents states from discriminating against citizens of other states.

Extradition Clause (Article IV)

Requires states to return fugitives to the state where they committed a crime.

Establishment Clause & Free Exercise Clause (First Amendment)

Govern religion (no official church, free practice).

Due Process Clauses (Fifth & Fourteenth Amendments)

Guarantee fair legal procedures; 14th applies to states.

Equal Protection Clause (Fourteenth Amendment)

Requires states to treat all people equally under the law.

Search & Seizure Clause (Fourth Amendment)

Protects against unreasonable searches.

Contracts Clause (Article I, Section 10)

Prevents states from impairing contracts.