Biology, Chemistry, and Nutrition Practice Exam Flashcards

A collection of vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from biology, chemistry, anatomy, nutrition, and academic communication based on lecture transcripts.

Fibrous roots

The type of plant root system possessed by organisms like Maize.

Karyostenosis

A term sometimes used to refer to the process of Amitosis.

Prophase

The stage of cell division during which chromatids condense into chromosomes.

Active transport

The process of substance transportation across a membrane that requires the input of energy.

Resolution

The feature that makes it possible to differentiate between two points present close together in the objects being reviewed.

Stomata

Structures usually abundant on the lower epidermis of a leaf that control the opening of guard cells.

1839

The year Schleidon and Schwann established the theory that the cell is the basic unit of life.

Atomic number

The number of protons found in an element's atom that identifies the element.

Mass number

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Taxonomy

The science of classification of organisms.

Carl Linneus

The scientist credited with developing the taxonomical hierarchy.

Phenotype

The observable traits expressed by an organism.

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism, including both expressed and non-expressed alleles.

Heterozygous

An individual possessing two different alleles for a specific trait, such as $\text{Aa}$ or $\text{Bb}$.

Homozygous

An individual possessing two identical alleles for a specific trait, such as $\text{AA}$ or $\text{aa}$.

Codominance

An inheritance pattern where both alleles are expressed equally, exemplified by human ABO blood groups ($I^A$ and $I^B$).

Ethylene

A plant hormone released by fruit to promote ripening, often trapped in bags to accelerate the process.

Auxin

A plant hormone that affects apical dominance, leaf abscission, root initiation, and is transported from tip to base.

Abscisic acid

A plant hormone whose decrease in level releases seeds from dormancy.

Thigmotropism

A seedling's response to touch, such as growing at an angle away from a stone.

Phytochrome

A plant pigment that exists in two forms interconvertible by light and is colored red or far-red.

Stroma

The compartment of the plant cell where light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place.

ATP

The primary energy currency used by cells, also known as adenosine triphosphate.

NSP

An acronym in carbohydrate nomenclature standing for Non-Starch Polysaccharides.

Glycemic Index

A ranking system for carbohydrate foods based on how they affect blood sugar levels.

PKU (Phenylketonuria)

An inherited metabolic disorder caused by the lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase needed to catabolize phenylalanine.

Cytology

The area of anatomy specializing in the study of cells.

Histology

The area of anatomy specializing in the study of tissues.

Plagiarism

The academic offense of using other people's knowledge without proper citing or acknowledgement.

7 Cs of Effective Communication

A set of principles including being Clear, Concise, Concrete, Correct, Coherent, Complete, and Courteous.

Empathy

The interpersonal skill of understanding the feelings of others.

Feedback loop

A continued dialogue between a sender and receiver during the communication process.

Vernalization

A plant's response to cold temperature treatment expressed in the form of flowering.

Double fertilization

The process in angiosperms where one sperm cell fuses with the egg to form a zygote and a second fused with polar nuclei to form endosperm.

Monocot

A classification of plants (like corn) that develop from a seedling with a single cotyledon and display parallel leaf veins.

Dicot

A classification of plants that develop from a seedling with two cotyledons.

Mollusca

The phylum to which organisms like snails belong.

Kelvin scale formula

The equation $T(K) = T(^\circ C) + 273.15$ used to convert Celsius to Kelvin.

Density Formula

$\text{Density} = \frac{\text{Mass}}{\text{Volume}}$, typically expressed in units like $g/cm^3$.