BIO230 Chapter 10 Extended

Can this person deliver oxygen to tissues?

Evaluated through RBCs, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and RBC indices in a CBC.

Hematopoiesis

The process of making blood cells in the bone marrow.

Pancytopenia

A condition characterized by low RBCs, WBCs, and platelets, indicating a potential bone marrow problem.

RBCs

Red Blood Cells that serve as hemoglobin delivery vehicles for oxygen.

Biconcave discs

The shape of RBCs that allows for better gas exchange and flexibility.

Hemolysis

The destruction of RBCs leading to anemia.

Tetramer

A protein complex composed of four subunits; refers to hemoglobin's structure.

Cooperativity

The phenomenon where binding of one oxygen molecule to hemoglobin increases the likelihood of more oxygen binding.

Methemoglobin

Form of hemoglobin where iron is in the Fe³⁺ state, unable to bind oxygen effectively.

Carboxyhemoglobin

Form of hemoglobin bound to carbon monoxide, impairing oxygen delivery to tissues.

Neutrophils

White blood cells that act as the first responders to bacterial infections.

Phagocytosis

The process by which neutrophils engulf and digest bacteria.

Lymphocytes

White blood cells involved in adaptive immunity, including B cells and T cells.

Monocytes

White blood cells that differentiate into macrophages in the tissues, involved in cleanup.

Eosinophils

White blood cells that respond to parasitic infections and allergic reactions.

Basophils

White blood cells that release histamine during hypersensitivity reactions.

Primary hemostasis

The process involving platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation to prevent bleeding.

Petechiae

Small red or purple spots caused by bleeding under the skin, often associated with low platelets.

EDTA

A chelating agent used in hematology to prevent clotting and preserve cell morphology.

Hematocrit

The percentage of blood volume that is made up of RBCs.

RBC count

The number of RBCs present in a given volume of blood.

Microcytic

Describes RBCs that are smaller than normal, often associated with iron deficiency.

Macrocytic

Describes RBCs that are larger than normal, often related to DNA synthesis problems.

MCH

Mean Cell Hemoglobin, showing the average amount of hemoglobin per RBC.

MCHC

Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration, indicating the average concentration of hemoglobin in RBCs.

RDW

Red Cell Distribution Width, a measure of the variation in RBC sizes.

Electrical impedance

A method for cell counting based on resistance changes as cells pass through an aperture.

Optical scatter

A technique using lasers to analyze cell size and complexity based on how light is dispersed.

Reticulocytes

Immature RBCs released from the bone marrow, indicating marrow activity.

ESR

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, a test measuring how quickly RBCs settle in a tube.

Rouleaux

Stacking of RBCs due to increased plasma proteins in inflammatory conditions.

Anisocytosis

The presence of RBCs of varying sizes, often correlated with elevated RDW.

Poikilocytosis

The occurrence of RBCs with various shapes, typically indicating underlying pathology.

Hypochromia

Paler than normal RBCs, usually associated with lower hemoglobin concentration.

Leukocytosis

An increase in the overall number of WBCs in the blood.

Leukopenia

A decrease in the overall number of WBCs in the blood.

Acute leukemia

Characterized by an influx of immature blasts, leading to rapid onset and severe symptoms.

Chronic leukemia

Characterized by a proliferation of more mature cells and slower progression.

AML

Acute Myeloid Leukemia, involving the rapid increase of myeloid blasts.

ALL

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, involving the rapid increase of lymphoid blasts.

CML

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, classically associated with the Philadelphia chromosome.

CLL

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, characterized by the proliferation of mature lymphocytes.

Plasma cells

A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies; can be neoplastic in conditions like multiple myeloma.

Monoclonal production

The production of a single type of immunoglobulin by neoplastic plasma cells.

Specimen handling

The process in which blood samples are managed to avoid false disease indicators.

Differential count

The counting of different types of WBCs to determine specific immune responses.

MCHC hypochromia

Low MCHC indicates an overall lack of color in RBCs, and links to iron deficiency anemia.

Platelet plug

The aggregation of platelets that forms at the site of a vascular injury to prevent bleeding.

Toxic changes in neutrophils

Morphological changes indicating rapid production of neutrophils under severe inflammatory conditions.

Acute vs chronic classification

Acute leukemias involve immature cells, while chronic leukemias have more mature cells.

Stain techniques in smears

Various staining methods used to visualize blood components during a manual blood smear analysis.

Inflammatory response

The body's reaction to harmful stimuli, which can be indicated by changes in blood components.

Bone marrow suppression

When the bone marrow fails to produce adequate blood cells, often indicated by low reticulocyte counts.

Chronic inflammation

A prolonged inflammatory response that can lead to elevated monocyte counts in blood.

Fibrinogen

A plasma protein that increases during inflammation, affecting the ESR.

Blasts in leukemia

Immature blood cells indicative of acute leukemia conditions.

Iron deficiency anemia

A type of anemia caused by insufficient iron, leading to lower hemoglobin production.

Thalassemia

A genetic disorder characterized by reduced hemoglobin production and often results in microcytic anemia.

Nutritional deficiency anemia

Anemia resulting from inadequate nutrients like iron, vitamin B12, or folate.

Macrophages

Cells that emerge from monocytes and play a crucial role in the immune response and tissue repair.

Splenomegaly

Enlargement of the spleen, which can affect blood cell processes and is often associated with certain blood disorders.

Dysplasia

Abnormal growth or development of blood cells, often indicative of underlying pathology.

Morphologic forms of WBCs

The various shapes and structures of white blood cells that can indicate different health conditions.

Clinical presentation of anemias

The observable symptoms and signs that characterize different types of anemia.

Hydration status in blood samples

The state of the sample related to the amount of fluids, which can affect blood components.

Albert's droplets

A descriptive term for specific cell forms that provide insight into potential blood disorders.

Hematological malignancies

Cancers that affect blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system, including leukemias and lymphomas.

Clinical significance of CBC variations

Understanding the meaning behind variations in Complete Blood Count parameters and their implications for patient care.

Genetic predispositions in hematology

Inherited factors that can influence an individual's risk for hematologic diseases.

Whole blood analysis

The examination of blood in its entirety, including all its components, for diagnostic purposes.

Inflammation's role in ESR

The impact that inflammatory conditions have on Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate and its interpretation.

Can this person deliver oxygen to tissues?

Evaluated through RBCs, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and RBC indices in a CBC.

Hematopoiesis

The process of making blood cells in the bone marrow.

Pancytopenia

A condition characterized by low RBCs, WBCs, and platelets, indicating a potential bone marrow problem.

RBCs

Red Blood Cells that serve as hemoglobin delivery vehicles for oxygen.

Biconcave discs

The shape of RBCs that allows for better gas exchange and flexibility.

Hemolysis

The destruction of RBCs leading to anemia.

Tetramer

A protein complex composed of four subunits; refers to hemoglobin's structure.

Cooperativity

The phenomenon where binding of one oxygen molecule to hemoglobin increases the likelihood of more oxygen binding.

Methemoglobin

Form of hemoglobin where iron is in the Fe³⁺ state, unable to bind oxygen effectively.

Carboxyhemoglobin

Form of hemoglobin bound to carbon monoxide, impairing oxygen delivery to tissues.

Neutrophils

White blood cells that act as the first responders to bacterial infections.

Phagocytosis

The process by which neutrophils engulf and digest bacteria.

Lymphocytes

White blood cells involved in adaptive immunity, including B cells and T cells.

Monocytes

White blood cells that differentiate into macrophages in the tissues, involved in cleanup.

Eosinophils

White blood cells that respond to parasitic infections and allergic reactions.

Basophils

White blood cells that release histamine during hypersensitivity reactions.

Primary hemostasis

The process involving platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation to prevent bleeding.

Petechiae

Small red or purple spots caused by bleeding under the skin, often associated with low platelets.

EDTA

A chelating agent used in hematology to prevent clotting and preserve cell morphology.

Hematocrit

The percentage of blood volume that is made up of RBCs.

RBC count

The number of RBCs present in a given volume of blood.

Microcytic

Describes RBCs that are smaller than normal, often associated with iron deficiency.

Macrocytic

Describes RBCs that are larger than normal, often related to DNA synthesis problems.

MCH

Mean Cell Hemoglobin, showing the average amount of hemoglobin per RBC.

MCHC

Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration, indicating the average concentration of hemoglobin in RBCs.

RDW

Red Cell Distribution Width, a measure of the variation in RBC sizes.

Electrical impedance

A method for cell counting based on resistance changes as cells pass through an aperture.

Optical scatter

A technique using lasers to analyze cell size and complexity based on how light is dispersed.

Reticulocytes

Immature RBCs released from the bone marrow, indicating marrow activity.