PS CHAPTER 10- HELPING

MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS TO HELP

• 1) PRO-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR= ANY ACT PREFORMED WITH THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF BENEFITTING SOMEONE ELSE. MAY ONLY BENEFIT YOU SOMETIMES BUT NOT ALWAYS, EQUITY BEHAVIOR; A FORM OF “YOU SCRATCH MY BACK I SCRATCH YOURS”

• 2) ALTRUISM= HELPING SOMEONE AND IT ONLY BENEFITS THEM. SOMETIMES EVEN AT THE DISADVANTAGE OF YOURSELF

EVOLUTIONARY FACTORS

• CHARLES DARWIN BELIEVED OUT BEHAVIOR SHOULD BENEFIT US. WE SHOULD HAVE ADAPTED OUT THE BEHAVIOR OF RISKING OUR LIVES TO HELP OTHERS

• KIN SELECTION= DOESN’T HAVE TO BE RELATED TO YOU BUT DOES HAVE TO BE A MEMBER OF THE SAME SPECIES. DO THINGS MORE FOR YOUR DIRECT KIN THAN YOU DO A RANDOM PERSON BUT YOU WOULD STILL DO IT EITHER WAY. PASS ON GENES EVEN IF YOU HELP A STRANGER BC ALL HUMANS ARE RELATED

RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM

• PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR TO AN EXTREME

• SHARING KINDNESS THAT RESULTS IN MUTUAL BENEFIT. EX→ MONKEY EXPERIMENT WHERE THEY WORK TOGETHER TO OPEN A JAR OF NUTS

• IF YOU TAKE THAT RISK THERE CAN BE BENEFITS

• RECIPROCITY IS INNATE IN NON-HUMAN PRIMATES, FOUND THAT THEY HELP WITH THE IDEA OF A BENEFIT. HELPING IS IN ONES BEST INTEREST SO YOU CAN PASS ON THOSE GENES

NORM OF RECIPROCITY

I WILL GET BACK WHAT I PUT OUT EVENTUALLY. I PROTECT YOUR SURVIVAL AND SOMEONE ELSE WILL DO THE SAME FOR ME

EMPATHY ALTRUISM THEORY

2 MOTIVES TO HELPING

• 1) EGOTSITICAL= THINK ABOUT THE COST BASED ANALYSIS, EMPATHY IS LOW. YOU RELIEVE SOMEONES SUFFERING BUT ALSO YOUR OWN

• 2) HIGH EMPATHY= YOU PUT YOURSELF IN SOMEONE ELSES SHOES

• EX→ TOY AND BATSON’S EXPERIMENT CREATED A SCENARIO TO SEE IF PARTICIPANTS WOULD HELP KAROL WHO IS IN A WHEELCHAIR, DIFFERENCE IN HIGH VS LOW COST, HIGH=YOU WOULD SEE IN HER IN CLASS. LOW= STRANGER? HIGH EMPATHY= DIDN’T MATTER IF YOU SAW KAROL OR NOT, YOU WERE STILL WILLING TO HELP BC YOU PUT YOURSELF IN HER SHOES. COST BENEFIT DOESN’T IMPACT WHETHER YOU HELP BC EMPATHY TAKES OVER YOU RELIEVE YOURSELF FROM FEELING BAD.

• BATSON SAYS PPL HELP ALTRUISTICALLY OR EGOTISTICALLY BASED ON THEIR LEVEL OF EMPATHY

IS EMPATHY INNATE? LEVELS OF EMPATHY?

• MIRROR NEURONS EXPLAIN OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING AND EMPATHY, WHEN SOMEONE IS DISGUSTED YOU FEEL DISGUSTED

• BUT PPL HAVE DIFF LEVELS OF EMPATHY, IF YOU’RE INVOLVED IN WATCHING SPORTS, MOVIES, OR READING NOVELS YOU MAY HAVE HIGHER LEVEL OF EMPATY

BYSTANDER EFFECT

• MURDER OF KITTY GENOVESE (1964) RESEARCHERS DARLEY AND LATANE APPLY THIS AND TEST WHAT PPL WOULD DO WHEN A ROOM FILLS WITH SMOKE. IF THEY WERE ALONE THEY QUICKLY LEFT, IF THEY WERE IN A GROUP THEY LOOKED TO SEE WHAT THE GROUP (CONFEDERATES) WERE DOING AND IT TOOK THEM WAY LONGER TO LEAVE SINCE THEY WERE ACTING LIKE THEY DIDN’T EVEN REALIZE THE ROOM WAS FILLING WITH SMOKE

• PPL HEARD WHAT WAS GOING ON YET NOBODY HELPED HER.

• BYSTANDER EFFECT ONLY HAPPENS WHEN THERES MORE THAN ONE PERSON. THE MORE PPL AROUND = BYSTANDER EFFECT

5 STEPS TO HELPING

• 1) NOTICING