Ethics Exam 2

New natural law

Human beings can use reason to recognize certain basic goods that are intrinsically valuable.

Libertarian

emphasizes individual liberty, self-ownership, and little government involvement

Liberalism

centered on the intrinsic value of individual liberty, autonomy, and believes in government action to ensure social welfare

Utilitarianism

The greatest good for the greatest number

Difference principle

Social and economic inequalities are permissible only if they benefit the least-advantaged members of society.

Triage two ways

Traditional triage (treating the most severely sick/injured) versus treating who is most likely to survive

Germline Genetic Editing

Processing of editing eggs, sperm, and embryos to great permanent genetic changes in future generations

Henrietta Lacks/HeLa Cells

Henrietta Lacks was a cancer patient whose cells were taken with consent. The cells became useful in medical research, the polio vaccine, and COVID-19 research

Collective Consent

A process where a group provides authorization for actions or policies that affect them collectively

Autonomy

Having the capacity to make your own choices and uncoerced decisions

Beneficence

Do good for the patient

Nonmaleficence

To do no harm

Health system paradox

We spend the most amount of money on healthcare, but we rank lower in key health outcomes than other developed countries

Holy Trinity of Healthcare Reform

increasing access to healthcare, lowering the cost of healthcare, and increasing the quality of healthcare services

Healthcare as a human right

without it, we lack the capacity and equality to enjoy everything in life

Healthcare as a primary good

medical care and healthy living conditions are necessary for flourishing

Healthcare as a private benefit

Individuals enter a contract through an employer or the government to offset the costs of medical care

Renal Exceptionalism

All dialysis services are covered by the government

Equality vs equity

Equality is giving everyone a shoe, and equity is giving everyone a shoe that fits

LAMP model

Logic, analytics, measures, and process

Ethics of responsibility

Individuals and organizations are responsible for the foreseeable consequences of their actions

Disability: Bad difference vs mere difference

Bad difference: disability is inherently and negatively affects the person’s well being. Mere difference is that disability is a neutral, non-standard way of living

Examples of theories of distributive justice

The difference principle, libertarianism, and utilitarianism

What are the details of The Ethicist case study?

A gay couple asks if it is ethical to hire and surrogate and try for a twin pregnancy, knowing the risk it can cause for the surrogate

What are the ethical principles of the Ethicist case study?

Nonmaleficence, beneficence, autonomy, justice

What are the details of the Reis and Dennis Freezing Eggs Case Study?

Fertility companies are presenting egg freezing as a way to stop the biological clock, and can pressure women into choosing career over family. Commercialization can affect reproductive decision making

What are the ethical principles of the Reis and Dennis Freezing Eggs Case Study?

Autonomy, informed consent, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice

What are the details of the Wallis Select for Deafness Case Study?

It can sometimes be okay for a parent to choose deafness for their child if it is understood as a cultural identity

What are the ethical principles of the Wallis select for deafness case study?

Autonomy, nonmaleficence, justice

What are the details of the Topel Editing Babies Case Study?

Editing genes of human embryos is unsafe because we don’t know a lot about it yet. CRISPR is a powerful tool that is still not quite yet fully understood.

What are the ethical principles of the Topel Editing Babies Case Study?

Nonmaleficence, beneficence

What are the details of the Gruben Rights and Responsibilities of Healthcare workers Case study?

Healthcare workers may be asked to work longer hours, make difficult decisions, and participate in triage

What are the ethical principles in the Gruben rights and responsibilities of healthcare workers case study?

Duty of care, justice

What are the details of the Mounk Italian Doctors Case Study?

Italian doctors have too many patients to care for and are now making diffcult triage decisions

What are the ethical principles of the Italian Doctors case study?

Utilitarianism

What are the details of the Blacksher and Goold Black/White Infant Mortality Case Study?

You are a public health director experiencing cuts to your funding. Most of your funding had gone to maternal health, but they are now considering redirecting the funds

What are the ethical principles in the Black/White Infant Mortality Case Study?

Utilitarianism, difference principle, and maximin principle

What is the maximin principle?

Improve conditions of the least advantaged