Juvenile Delinquency Exam 4

Re‑integrative Shaming

Shaming the act while reintegrating the offender into the community (Braithwaite).

Stigmatization

Labeling that leads to exclusion and deviant identity (Goffman)

Primary Deviance

Initial rule‑breaking with little identity impact (Lemert).

Secondary Deviance

Deviance resulting from internalizing a deviant label (Lemert).

Master Status

A dominant identity label that overshadows all others (Becker).

Social Tagging

Assigning a deviant label to an individual (Tannenbaum).

Moral Enterprise

Efforts to create or enforce norms or laws (Becker)

Escalation

Law enforcement actions that intensify labeling.

Degradation Ceremony

Public ritual that lowers a person’s social status. (e.g., court proceedings).

Looping

Repeated cycling of individuals through labeling and the criminal justice system.

Discrediting Information

Information used to undermine or manipulate social interactions.

Impression Management

Controlling how others perceive one’s identity (dramaturgical theory).

Symbolic Interactionism

The theoretical foundation of labeling theory; focuses on meaning‑making in social interaction.

Deviance Amplification

Labeling increases likelihood of further deviance (Wilkins).

Deviance Typologies

Primary, secondary, and tertiary deviance (Lemert).

Viisibility

The likelihood that deviant acts will be noticed and labeled by authorities.

Media

(Labeling Theory) Considered the linchpin of the criminalization process; shapes public definitions of deviance

Disproportionate Resource Allocation

Labeling theory argues law enforcement does not distribute resources equally across social problems.

Social Movements

Collective efforts that influence labeling, moral enterprise, and public definitions of deviance

Conflict Theorists

Argue that law reflects the interests of the powerful and maintains inequality.

Consensus Theorists/Functionalists

Believe law reflects shared values and maintains social order

Crimes of Resistance

Acts of defiance against authority or oppression

Crimes of Accommodation

Adaptations to oppressive conditions, such as property crimes.

Imperatively Coordinated Associations

Dahrendorf’s concept of command vs. obey classes.

Instrumental Marxism

Law is a tool of the ruling class; crime persists until capitalism is replaced.

Structural Marxism

Crime stems from institutional inequality and alienation.

Power Control Theory

Hagan’s theory that family structure (patriarchal vs. egalitarian) shapes delinquency.

Patriarchy

A system where men hold primary power.

Egalitarianism

A system where power is shared equally.

Differential Oppression Theory

Excessive adult control of minors leads to deviance, including violence and suicide.

Replacement Discourse

Postmodern criminology concept involving alternative narratives about crime.

Peacemaking Criminology

Emphasizes compassion and argues harsh punishment does not reduce crime.

Left Idealism

Radical criminological philosophy focusing on structural inequality and social justice.

Chivalry Hypothesis

The idea that women receive more lenient treatment in the criminal justice system.

Sadistic Theory

Explains violence as deriving pleasure from the suffering of others

Displaced Aggression Theory

Violence used to express anger rooted in earlier abuse.

Sexually Polymorphus Theory

Links sexual deviance with violent behavior.

Macdonald Triad

Childhood indicators (bedwetting, fire‑setting, animal cruelty) associated with later violence.

Conduct Disorder

A psychological diagnosis involving persistent violation of norms, including animal cruelty.

Neonaticide/ Infanticide

Killing of newborns or infants; most common among unmarried teenage girls and women in their 20s.

Expressive Murder

Emotion‑driven killing; strongly associated with social isolation.

Authority Killing

Teen‑perpetrated homicide targeting authority figures (police, teachers, coaches, bus drivers).

Gang-Related Murder

Violence between gangs, often over control of drug or prostitution markets.

Criminal Competition Murder

Targets government officials, prison staff, or members of organized gangs

Revenge Murder

Homicide triggered by bullying, discrimination, or perceived injustice.

Situational Felony Murder

Unplanned killing during the commission of another felony.

Incest (Sociological Context)

Sexual behaviors within the family context, often involving stepfamilies.

Sadistic Rape

The most violent form of sexual assault; involves deriving pleasure from inflicting pain

Power-Reassurance Rapist

Socially incompetent offender who seeks to reassure masculinity

Anger Rapist

Offender motivated by misogyny and anger