COMM FINAL 11-20

categorical syllogism

a deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion that classify members of categories or groups (example: All humans are mortal

conditional syllogism

a deductive argument based on an if-then statement (example: If it rains

deductive reasoning

reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion that must be true if the premises are true

disjunctive syllogism

a deductive argument presenting either-or choices and eliminating one to prove the other (example: Either the speech is informative or persuasive

figurative analogy

a comparison between unlike things mainly for imaginative or emotional effect

inductive reasoning

reasoning that moves from specific examples to broader general conclusions that are probable but not guaranteed

literal analogy

a comparison between similar things to explain or predict

necessary cause

a factor that must be present for an event to happen

reasoning by analogy

explaining or proving a point by comparing it to something similar

reasoning by cause

showing that one event or factor leads to another

reasoning by example

supporting a claim with specific instances

reasoning by sign

arguing that one indicator suggests something else is true

sufficient cause

a factor that alone can produce an effect

acceptance

the audience’s agreement with the speaker’s message or argument

comprehension

2nd stage, the audience’s understanding of the speaker’s message

credibility

the audience’s perception of a speaker’s trustworthiness

derived credibility

credibility gained during the speech through delivery and evidence

initial credibility

the audience’s perception of the speaker before the speech begins

integration

4th stage, combining diverse ideas

issue awareness

1st stage, the audience’s recognition that a problem or topic exists and deserves attention

question of fact

a debate about whether something is true or false

question of policy

a debate about whether a specific action should be taken

question of value

a debate about whether something is good

refutation

answering and disproving opposing arguments

terminal credibility

the audience’s perception of the speaker at the end of the speech

eulogy

a speech praising and honoring someone who has died

bar graph

a visual display using bars to compare quantities across categories

charts

visual representations of information or data for easier understanding

graphs

visual displays of numerical relationships or trends

histogram

a bar graph showing frequency distribution of numerical data

line graph

a graph using points connected by lines to show trends over time

model

a three-dimensional representation used to demonstrate or explain

object

a physical item shown to an audience as a visual aid

photograph

an image used as a visual aid to illustrate a point

pie graph

a circular graph showing parts of a whole

abstract

language that refers to ideas or concepts rather than concrete objects

alliteration

repetition of the same beginning sound in nearby words

ambiguous

having more than one possible meaning and potentially causing confusion

antithesis

contrasting opposite ideas in parallel structure

arbitrary

based on random choice or personal whim rather than reason

archetypal metaphors

symbolic comparisons based on universal themes or shared human experiences

bookend story

a narrative used at both the beginning and end of a speech to unify the message

hate speech

language that attacks or demeans people based on identity

hierarchal

organized according to levels of rank or importance

metaphors

figures of speech that describe one thing as another to create meaning

metonymy

substituting a related term for the thing itself (example: The White House for the U.S. president)

mixed metaphor

combining incompatible metaphors in a confusing way

narrative

a story used to illustrate or structure a message

parallelism

using similar grammatical structures for balance and emphasis

profanity

offensive or vulgar language

repetition

repeating words or phrases for emphasis

simile

a comparison using like or as

synecdoche

using a part to represent the whole or the whole to represent a part

accent

emphasis placed on certain syllables or words in speech

articulation

clear and distinct pronunciation of speech sounds

complement

vocal elements that enhance or support the spoken message

extemporaneous speech

a carefully prepared and practiced speech delivered from notes rather than read word-for-word

impromptu speech

a speech delivered with little or no preparation

manuscript speech

a speech read word-for-word from a written text

memorized speech

a speech recited from memory

physical delivery

the use of body language

pronunciation

saying words correctly according to accepted standards

regulate

to control or adjust vocal elements such as volume

repeat

saying a word or phrase again for emphasis or clarity

substitute

replacing one word

verbal delivery

the vocal aspect of speech including tone

autocratic leadership

a leadership style where one person makes decisions with little group input

bookend group presentation

a group speech where the introduction and conclusion are connected by a common theme or speaker

democratic leadership

a leadership style that encourages group participation in decision-making

laissez-faire leadership

a hands-off leadership style with minimal direction

leader-as-completer approach

a group presentation style where the leader introduces

moderator

a person who guides discussion

panel group presentation

a format where members discuss a topic conversationally before an audience

vital function approach

a group organization method where members are assigned roles based on essential tasks like research