CHM1025 - Chapter 1 - Matter and Its Classification

What is matter?

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Pure substances

have uniform chemical composition throughout and from sample to sample

hypothesis

proposed explanation of an observation made

or

tentative explanation for the properties or behavior of matter that accounts for a set of observations and can be tested

latin name for lead

plumbum

latin name for iron

ferrum

Solid vs. Liquid vs. Gas

Solid: definite shape and volume, no volume change under pressure

Liquid: definite volume, indefinite shape, slight volume change under pressure

Gas: indefinite volume and shape, changes under pressure

Compounds

a pure substance composed of two or more elements combined in definite proportions, joined by chemical bonds

mixture

combination of two or more elements, pure substances, or compounds, unlike pure compounds, their components can be separated by physical processes, and may or may not have uniform composition

latin name for copper

Cuprum

latin name for mercury

hydragyrum

Density units

g/mL for solids and liquids

g/L for gases

Energy

capacity to do work or to transfer heat

atom

smallest unit of an element

scientific theory

General approach that scientists use to solve problems, comprising of four main parts: observations, hypothesis, experiment, theory.

heterogeneous mixture

mixture that does not have uniform composition throughout

candela

(cd) luminous intensity

Elements

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances even by a chemical reaction

Metals vs. Nonmetals

Metals have luster and ability to conduct electricity, nonmetals are usually dull (with exception of carbon as diamond), elements that are gases at room temperature are also nonmetals

What is 1 mL equal to?

What is 1 cm^3 equal to?

homogeneous mixture

A mixture that has uniform composition throughout

latin name for tungsten

Wolfram

Kelvin conversion

K=C+273

latin name for tin

Stannum

giga (G), mega (M), kilo (k), centi (c), milli (m), micro (u), nano (n), pico (p)

10^9, 10^6, 10^3, 10^-2, 10^-3, 10^-6, 10^-9, 10^-12

latin name for gold

aurum

ampere

(A) electric current

significant figures

- Non-zero digits are significant

- Zeroes b/w two significant digits are significant

- Zeroes right of sig digit and right of decimal point are significant

- Zeroes to left of the leftmost nonzero digit are not significant

- whole number with a zero (950) without decimal has ambiguous number of sig figs

- when multiplying or dividing, final sig figs reflect the given value with the least amount of sig figs

- when adding or subtracting, final sig figs reflect the given value with the least amount of sig figs TO THE RIGHT OF THE DECIMAL POINT

molecule

two or more atoms bonded together

latin name for silver

Argentum

latin name for potassium

kalium

Scientific Method

Approach to asking questions and seeking answers that includes observations (includes collection of data and experimentation), hypotheses, laws, and theories

What are the two forms of energy?

kinetic (energy of motion) and potential (energy possessed by object because of its position)

Fahrenheit conversion

F=1.8(C)+32

Volume formula

length width height

Density vs Molarity

mass/volume, moles/volume

states of matter

solid (fixed shape), liquid (no fixed shape, own volume), gas (no fixed shape, no fixed volume), aqueous solution (solution dissolved in water)

scientific law

describes the way nature operates under a specified set of conditions.

Is energy matter?

Forms of energy are NOT matter. Heat and light, for example, do not occupy space and have no mass.

4.184 J equal to

1 cal

latin name for sodium

Natrium

John Dalton's Atomic Theory

Published in 1808:

1) all matter is composed of indivisible particles called atoms

2) all atoms of the same atom are identical, all atoms of different elements have different masses and different chemical properties

3) atoms are not created or destroyed in chemical reactions

4) atoms combine in simple, fixed, whole-number ratios to form compounds

What is a change always associated only with chemical change?

change in composition

If matter is uniform throughout and cannot be separated into other substances by physical means, it is ________.

either an element or a compound

Suppose a thermometer has marks at every one degree increment and the mercury level on the thermometer is exactly between the 25 and 26 degree Celsius marks. We should properly report the temperature measurement as:

25.5°C

Is Sodium chloride a mixture?

TRUE OR FALSE

false

An example of a chemical change is burning a wood log to give a pile of ashes.

TRUE OR FALSE?

True

Is a kelvin the same size as a Celsius degree? a Fahrenheit Degree?

A kelvin is the same size as a Celsius degree, you just need to add 273.15 to your Celsius to convert between Kelvins to Celsius. A kelvin is not the same size as a Fahrenheit degree, as it is impossible to convert from kelvins to Fahrenheit directly unless converting to Celsius first.