Fundies Exam 1

audiologist

a person in the field of research and clinical practice devoted to the study of hearing disorders, assessment of hearing, hearing conservation, and aural rehabilitation

speech language pathologist

a person in the field of research and clinical practice who specializes in evaluation and treatment of communication and swallowing disorders

Scope of practice for a SLP

Collaboration, counseling, prevention and wellness, screening, assessment, modalities, technology and instrumentation, population and systems and serve delivery areas

Scope of practice for aud

prevention, identification, assessment, rehabilitation, advocacy, education/research/administration, practice settings

sound

a physical phenomenon that describes a movement or vibration of an elastic medium without permanent displacement of particles

three prerequisites of sound

source of energy

vibrating object that generates an audible pressure wave

medium of transmission

mass

quantity of matter present

force

a push or pull on an object

elasticity

tendency of an objects resistance to deformity and its return to the rest position

inertia

tendency to resist any change in motion

four parameters of SHM

frequency, amplitude, period, phase

frequency

the number of complete vibratory cycles per unit time

amplitude

a derived unit of measurement describing an objects distance from rest to maximal displacement

period

amount of time needed to complete one cycle of vibration

phase

describes the relative timing compressions and rarefactions of waves

ossicles

ear bones the smallest bones in the human body

malleus

lateral-most bone of the chain; connected to the eardrum

incus

center bone of the chain

stapes

medial-most bone, rocks in and out

of the oval window

outer ear

acoustic energy

middle ear

mechanical energy

inner ear

fluid energy

decibel

 unit to describe intensity of a hearing level

logarithmic scale

10:1

linear scale

1:1

osseous labyrinth

channel in the bone

membranous labyrinth

soft-tissue, fluid-filled channels within osseous labyrinth containing end organs of hearing and balance

auditory labyrinth

cochlea sensory end organ of hearing

vestibular labyrinth

semicircular canals sensory end organ of balance

scala vestibuli

upper portion filled with perilymph

scala media

middle portion filled with endolymph

scala tympani

lower portion filled with perilymph

outer hair cells

13000

inner hair cells

3500

air conduction

the normal means of sound transmission in day-to-day situations

pure tone air conduction

audiometry determines the loudness or intensity threshold in dB at which a person just begins to hear sound for this normal mode of sound transmission.

findings of air conduction audiometry

cannot localize site of damage etiology of hearing loss

Bone conduction results

differentiate between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss

masking is only used

there is a greater than 40 dB difference between air conduction of one ear and bone conduction of the other ear

masking is used to also

see how much is conductive and how much is sensorineural if there is a mixed hearing loss

Behavioral observation audiometry

used for children up to age 6 or 7 months

visual reinforcement audiometry

6 to 7 months and 24 moths of age

conditioned play audiometry

2.5 to 5 years

spondees

words with equal stress on both syllables

SRT

Speech recognition threshold, the lowest level someone can respond to

• Ability to repeat speech back to us

SDT and SAT can be used

interchangably

PTA

Pure tone average

SDT and SAT

using an actual voice to shift volume to test the lowest level at person can detect present speech

MCL

most comfortable listening level

dynamic range

threshold to uncomfortable loudness level

MCL will not

happen above threshold level

UCL

uncomfortable loudness level around 110 dB almost painful, you don’t want to listen to it more than a couple of seconds

Visual inspection consists of

look, play, listen

pressure

decapascals

provides information regarding the functioning of the eustachian tube

compliance

units - cc or mL

provibes information regarding ossicular chain tympanic membrane health and middle ear pathology

ear canal volume

unites- mL

provides information regarding outer ear pathology. tympanic membrane perforation, and pressure equalization tube patency

acoustic reflexes

involuntary muscle contraction in the middle ear cavity

acoustic reflex decay testing

measures the muscle contraction over time to a stimulus

eustachian tube functions

uses the pressure function to determine if the eustachian tube is functioning

Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE)

Evoked response from the cochlea to a sound

• Indirect measure of hearing

• Elicited to a brief (transient) stimulation to the cochlea

Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) does not rule out…

mild hearing loss

Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE)

Elicited to a complex stimulation to the cochlea

Does not rule out mild to moderate hearing loss

Auditory brainstem response (ABR) study

Click stimulus

• Screening or diagnostic

• Quickly produces electrophysiologic waveforms

• Gross measure across all frequencies (dB nHL vs. dB HL)

• Test of choice in neonatal intensive care unit when OAE screening is failed

Auditory steady state response (ASSR) study

Frequency specific

• Diagnostic only

• Complete evaluation takes longer as each frequency is tested.

• Can approximate configuration of hearing loss

• Differentiates between severe and profound loss

Electronystagmography (ENG)

Popular test in the latter half of the 20th century

• The SLP may see older results in a patient’s file

• Mostly an antiquated practice in the 21st century

• Replaced by videonystagmography (VNG)

Videonystagmography (VNG)

Outside scope of the speech-language pathologist

• Tests of the vestibular system (semicircular canals of the cochlea)

• Nystagmus as function of proprioception

• Nystagmus as a symptom of retrocochlear pathology

• VNG measures nystagmus via video goggles

Type of hearing loss: conductive

Characterized by air responses abnormal and bone within normal

• Presence of air–bone gap