Chapter 1 Bontrager Workbook questions

What is the lowest level of structural organization in the human body?

The atom.

What are the levels of organization in the human body from simplest to most complex?

Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism.

What are the 10 major systems of the human body?

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive.

Which body system eliminates solid waste from the body?

The digestive system.

Which body system regulates fluid and electrolyte balance?

The urinary system.

Which body system maintains posture and produces movement?

The muscular system.

Which body system regulates body activities through electrical impulses?

The nervous system.

Which body system regulates body activities through hormones?

The endocrine system.

Which body system eliminates carbon dioxide from the blood?

The respiratory system.

Which body system receives stimuli such as temperature, pressure, and pain?

The nervous system.

Which body system reproduces the organism?

The reproductive system.

Which body system helps regulate body temperature?

The integumentary system.

Which body system supports and protects many soft tissues?

The skeletal system.

True or false: One function of the circulatory system is to protect the body against disease.

True. Blood transports immune cells and antibodies.

Which body system synthesizes vitamin D and other biochemicals?

The integumentary system.

What is the largest organ system in the body?

The integumentary system.

What are the two divisions of the human skeletal system?

The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

How many bones are in the adult skeleton?

206 bones.

True or false: The scapula is part of the axial skeleton.

False. The scapula is part of the appendicular skeleton.

True or false: The skull is part of the axial skeleton.

True.

True or false: The pelvic girdle is part of the appendicular skeleton.

True.

What are the four shape classifications of bones?

Long, short, flat, and irregular.

What is the outer covering of a long bone called?

The periosteum.

What is another name for spongy bone?

Cancellous bone.

Which type of bone forms the dense outer layer of most bones?

Compact bone.

Which cells build new bone?

Osteoblasts.

Which part of a long bone is essential for growth, repair, and nutrition?

The periosteum.

Where is the primary growth center of a long bone?

The diaphysis.

Where are the secondary growth centers of a long bone?

The epiphyses.

True or false: Epiphyseal fusion of long bones is complete by age 16 in every person.

False. Fusion times vary by bone, sex, and individual.

What is the widened region of a long bone where lengthwise growth occurs?

The metaphysis, which contains the epiphyseal plate in a growing person.

What are the three functional classifications of joints?

Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis.

What is a synarthrosis?

An immovable joint.

What is an amphiarthrosis?

A slightly movable joint.

What is a diarthrosis?

A freely movable joint.

What are the three structural classifications of joints?

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.

What structural type is the first carpometacarpal joint of the thumb?

A synovial saddle joint.

What structural type is the knee joint?

A synovial joint, commonly described as a modified hinge joint.

What structural type is the proximal radioulnar joint?

A synovial pivot joint.

What structural type is the wrist joint?

A synovial ellipsoid or condyloid joint.

What structural type is the epiphyseal plate?

A cartilaginous joint, specifically a synchondrosis.

What structural type is an interphalangeal joint?

A synovial hinge joint.

What structural type is the distal tibiofibular joint?

A fibrous syndesmosis.

What structural type is an intervertebral disk joint?

A cartilaginous symphysis.

What structural type is the symphysis pubis?

A cartilaginous symphysis.

What structural type is the hip joint?

A synovial ball-and-socket joint.

What are the seven common types of synovial joints?

Plane or gliding, hinge or ginglymus, pivot or trochoid, ellipsoid or condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket, and bicondylar.

What term describes a person's general body size, shape, and build?

Body habitus.

What percentage of the population is approximately hypersthenic?

About 5%.

What percentage of the population is approximately sthenic?

About 50%.

What percentage of the population is approximately hyposthenic?

About 35%.

What percentage of the population is approximately asthenic?

About 10%.

What medical specialty focuses on obesity and weight management?

Bariatrics.

What is a radiograph?

An image produced by x-rays interacting with an image receptor.

What is the central ray?

The center of the x-ray beam.

What is the anatomic position?

The patient stands upright, faces forward, keeps the feet directed forward, and holds the arms at the sides with palms facing forward.

Which plane divides the body into equal right and left halves?

The midsagittal plane.

Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?

The coronal plane.

Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?

The transverse plane.

In an AP projection, where does the x-ray beam enter and exit?

It enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior surface.

What is an axial projection?

A projection in which the central ray is angled 10 degrees or more along the long axis of the body or part.

What is a tangential projection?

A projection in which the central ray skims a body surface.

Which chest position demonstrates the lung apices without clavicular superimposition?

The AP lordotic position.

What movement decreases the angle between the top of the foot and the lower leg?

Dorsiflexion.

What movement turns a body part away from the midline?

External rotation.

Is an anteroposterior description a position or a projection?

A projection.

Is prone a position or a projection?

A position.

Is Trendelenburg a position or a projection?

A position.

Is left posterior oblique a position or a projection?

A position.

Is left lateral chest a position or a projection?

A position.

Is mediolateral ankle a position or a projection?

A projection.

Is tangential a position or a projection?

A projection.

Is lordotic a position or a projection?

A position.

Is inferosuperior axial a position or a projection?

A projection.

Is left lateral decubitus a position or a projection?

A position.

A patient has the back toward the receptor and the left side rotated 45 degrees toward it. What position is this?

Left posterior oblique, or LPO.

A recumbent patient faces the receptor and the right side is rotated toward it. What position is this?

Right anterior oblique, or RAO.

A supine patient is examined with a horizontal beam. What decubitus position is this?

Dorsal decubitus. The projection is named by the beam direction, such as right-to-left lateral.

An erect patient has the right side against the receptor and the beam enters the left side. What position is this?

A right lateral position.

A patient lies on the left side while a horizontal beam enters posteriorly and exits anteriorly. What is the position and projection?

Left lateral decubitus position with a PA projection.

What does proximal mean?

Nearer to the source, point of attachment, or beginning.

What does distal mean?

Farther from the source, point of attachment, or beginning.

What does medial mean?

Toward the midline.

What does lateral mean?

Away from the midline or toward the side.

What does superficial mean?

Near or on the body surface.

What does deep mean?

Farther from the body surface.

What does ipsilateral mean?

On the same side of the body.

What does contralateral mean?

On the opposite side of the body.

Which organization certifies and registers radiologic technologists and administers its Standards of Ethics?

The American Registry of Radiologic Technologists, or ARRT.

True or false: The technologist is responsible for communicating with the patient to obtain pertinent clinical information.

True.

How many projections are normally required for a routine forearm examination?

Two projections at right angles to each other, usually AP and lateral.

When extra projections are needed after a forearm injury, should the injured arm be forced to move?

No. Move the image receptor and x-ray tube as needed rather than forcing the injured part.

True or false: Patient consent should be obtained before palpating a topographic landmark.

True.

What does PACS stand for?

Picture archiving and communication system.

What does RIS stand for?

Radiology information system.

What does HIS stand for?

Hospital information system.

What does AEC stand for?

Automatic exposure control.

What does SID stand for?

Source-to-image receptor distance.

What does OID stand for?

Object-to-image receptor distance.

What is an exposure indicator?

A numerical value that represents the amount of radiation received by a digital image receptor.