NORTHUMBERLAND"S RELIGIOUS POLICY

How does Northumberland initially taking power allow for change to occur?

Feb 1550 reforms start due to NL being in control, Cons removed from the PC.

What happened to Gardiner, how did this allow for change to occur?

Gardiner in Tower- PC ordered him to agree to the ​doctrines of C of E – refused – so under stricter confinement.​

Who was Bonner, what happened to him and who was he replaced by?

• Bonner already in Tower, NL replaced him with Ridley a ​Prot as Bishop of London​

What happened in November 1550?

removal of stone altars and wooden ones

What happened to Protestant Bishops in 1551?

more were appointed

What did the Ordination service bring socially , when was it?

1551, brought controversy​

What was kept in the ordination services?

Still kept vestments in the ordination service.

What is the Story about Hooper?

• Hooper invited to be Bishop of Gloucester – refused as ​wouldn’t wear the vestments – too RC​

• NL and Hooper fell out, Hooper imprisoned in end, 1551​

• Hooper relented, could do no good for Prot in prison so ​made Bishop of Gloucester​

What did Cranmer do in 1551, what was the aim?

• Cranmer revising the 1549 Book of Common Prayer​, aimed to make it more Protestant

What did the January 1552 parliament pass?

• New Treason Act – offence to question ​the Royal Sup or the Articles of Faith of the CofE​

What was the January 1552 second book of common prayer like?

highly Prot, Written by Cranmer, wording in communion = very Prot, no ​RC bits.

What is the new key phrase from the 2nd book of common prayer?

‘Take and eat this in REMEMBRANCE that Christ died for thee’

Why was the ‘remberance’ section added to the trnasbustatntion quote important?

shows that transubstantion was merely symbolic, was not actually Christ

What Calvinist ideas were popularised?

• – that salvation (going to heaven) ​is nothing to do with behaviour or good works but completely dependent on God’s grace. Humans are totally sinful and it is ​impossible for them to be close to god without God’s help.​

What happened to vestements?

simplified (bar abbots and bishops)

Where was the sign of the cross abolished?

baptism and confirmations

What happened to altars?

replaced

What did some reformers still resent?

• resented the fact that they still ​

had to kneel when receiving bread and wine

What are the key points of the second book of common prayer?

• Clearly established a Eucharist ceremony in line with Calvin’s belief in a ‘spiritual presence’. ​

• The Eucharist was now called Lord’s Supper; ​communicants were to ​kneel​

• Traditional robes were not to be worn​

• Alters were replaced by communion tables​

• In confirmation, the ​sign of the cross was ​abolished

What are the key points of the first book of common prayer?

• Services in English​

• Sacraments – Eucharist, baptism, last rites, ​confirmation, marriage​

• Communion in both ​

kinds​

• Clerical marriage ​

allowed​

• Purgatory – still unclear​

• No prayers for the ​dead​

• Worship of saints discouraged but not banned​

• Traditional robes in ​church​

• Transubstantiation​

• Fast and holy days ​remained.

What was introduced in the Apr 1552 Second Act of Uniformity?

• Offence for clergy and laity not to go to Ch – fined or ​imprisoned

What was introduced in the Novemmber 1552 black rubric declaration?

• – said that ​people need to kneel for the sake of good order – they ​were not kneeling as a way of acknowledging ​transubstantiation (RC) Radical Prots NOT happy​

• Edward personally intervened in this debate​

What did the1552 survey of the wealth of the Church and ​Bishoprics show?

Report concluded Ch wealth (land) worth just over £1 mill , so plans to transfer some of this wealth to the crown.​

Eg Bishop of Durham – been arrested (RC). Plan to split ​

Bishopric Durham into 2, = new smaller B of Durham and new B of Newcastle. The crown would then halve the ​

income of these bishoprics and keep £2K. ​

What were the Nov 1552 42 Articles?

• drawn up by Cranmer. Statements of belief in CofE – highly Prot, some Lutheran ideas and some Calvinist. ​

What were the 1553 short catechisms?

• produced = Q and A format ​

Aim to rote learn religious beliefs. ​

Why did the catechisms and 42 articles never become law?

Edward died before they could become law

What are some examples of changes that would have impacted people socially?

• Chantries – beliefs about purgatory, connection with the ​

dead of the communities​

• Feasts and celebrations​

• Asset stripping of the church​

• Paintings, stained-glass windows​

• Plays and festivals stopped​

• Worried church plate would be seized and so some parishes sold it or hid it​

Why are people leaving less money to the church in their wills?

as worried money would be seized by the Crown

What is an example of people leaving less money to churches?

70% of Northern wills gave money to the Church 1540-1546, ​dropped to 32% in Edward’s reign.​

What does the 1553 crwon seizing church plate cause?

Eamon Duffy describes this an attack on the “collective memory” of the parish churches.​

Whose ideas does Northumberland draw from, who is close to Cranmer, where were they from?

Zwingli (swiss) Bucer (frennch) and Bullinger (HRE) and John Calvin

Which radical protestants was Edward in contact with?

Bucer and Bullinger (Zwingli had died in 1531)

What was the new treason act supposed to prevent?

the chaos that ensued after Somerset repealed it

How long has Gardiner been in the tower for?

in and out since Somerset took control

Why does Edward not want to change the Bishop’s vestements?

so that they stand out and show their status

What was the 42 articles based on?

theological ideas, mostly based on Zwingli, Bucer, Bullinger and Clavin, some Luther but mostly more radical

How much money was the county of Durham worth, how would the money be split?

Bishop of Durham would get 1400, Bishop of Newcaste would get 600, but  the county is worth 4,000 so the 2,000 extra would go to the crown

What is the phrasing used to defend the black rubric?

‘point of order’

Why is it called the black rubric proclomation?

printing paper book in black but actions printed in red, but by the time they made a decision about the kneeling, the printers had changed and only had black ink

What is Saunder’s quote about Protestantism only existing at face value?

Laurence Saunders announced that ‘popery ​

would be inflicted on the realm as punishment for its lukewarm response to the preaching of the ​gospel’​

What is Ridley bishop of London’s quote about Protestantism only existing at face value?

For the most part they were never persuaded in ​

their hearts but from the teeth forward and for ​

the king’s sake, in the truth of God’s word”​

Why is protestantism being a literary based faith a problem?

menat only the middle class knew the inns and outs, most were just protestant at face value

What influence did Edward have as a radical Protestant?

and was ​

involved in the religious changes –e .g attendance at PC meetings where religious issues were ​

discussed.​

What factors helped to cause religious change?

greed, European reformers, John Hooper, ​

Latimer and Ridley, lack of opposition and Som ​

and NL​

How can Northumberland’s actions be seen to be for personal rather than religious reasons?

Gaining the favour of Edward, preventing Mary’s ​potential succession and reducing Catholic ​influence generally. ​

How did Mary show the limited spread of Protestantism?

• Many welcomed Mary who would return ​England to Catholicism, others were against her. ​

How did Preachers impact the spread of Protestantism?

• There was a lack of good preachers to spread Protestantism.​

What was passed in the January 1552 parliament?

• Act passed limiting Holy Days – passed easily – no opp​

• Various attempts at 2nd Act of Uni 1552​

• Passes easily each time in the HOC​

• More debate in HOL​

• 3 peers and 2 Bishops voted against it ​

• Other bills discussed in HOL ​

• Eg Bill to end Simony (Prot Bill)​

• Bill to remove priests wives (RC Bill)​

• None of these are passed

What does Duffy say about the public when Mary became Queen?

men breathed easie at the accession of a catholic Queen

What was the issue with fully removing chantries?

people lost connection to the dead and changed grieving practices

What did the loss of feast days cause?

a loss of identity

Who actively strips the churches?

JPs are sent around

Where was the stained glass reused?

in manor houses of the gentry

What are some examples of festivals that stopped?

Chorpus Christi and wassailing

Why do people stop donating to churches?

they don’t know where the money will go, and have no prayers for the dead which is why money is usually donated

What is interesting about the reduction of the amount donated in Northern wills?

The North was predominantly Catholic

What happened to the hidden Church plate under Mary?

People brought it back out of hiding

What unrest did the second book of common prayer provoke?

very little as reforms were introduced more skilfully and faced less resistamce

What limited the long term impacts of the 42 articles?

never formally ratified in parliament as Edward died

What unofficial statement was made by the reised ordinal of 1550?

marking a decisive break from the catholic sacramental view of ordination

What did Northumberland prioritise over religious policy, what did this cause?

political stability and foreign policy, so implemementaton lagged behind implementation

After 2nd act of uniformity in 1552, what did Cranmer write about?

how people weren’t going to church (absenteeism), leaving the service in the sermon and Hooper talked about how people ‘shopped’ around for a less Protestant service to attend

What does Van der Delft, the ambassador for Charles V say about England?

the success of Northumberland’s religious reforms and how it was welcomed by the ‘common people’

What does Mcculoch say about about supersitition in ENgland?

says religion was only ‘skin deep’ and was more ‘thinly spread in the confused conditions of the mid 16th century’

What did the royal injunctions of 1552 do?

further ordered the removal of images, stone altars and vestements, enforcing iconoclasm more systematically than under Somerset

How did Northumberland avoid provoking rebellion, what did this cause?

cautious enforcement, but left many ordinary people indifferent rather than truly converted

What did Latimer write about?

how there was deliberate disruption to church services with people walking up and down the aisle in sermons making a ‘huzzing and buzzing’

How can Cranmer reforms under Northmberland be seen to be having a long lasting impact?

doctrinal clarity that influenced Elizabethan settlement

What did the removal of Conservative Bishops (Gardiner and Bonner) cause?

allowed reformers such as Ridley and Hooper to dominate the episcopate, accelariting Protestant reform

What did the parishioners dislike about communion now?

now it was not considered God’s bodyso everyone in the Parish had to bake it on a rota

Why did the government struggle to enforce religious changes at a parish level?

due to the lack of trained Protestant clrgy and limited local enforcement mechanism

What did the re-introduction of clerical marriage and the abolition of mass show?

occured in most parishes so shows some success in embedding Protestant practices

What does Duffy say about Edward’s reformation (not a quote)?

Edward’s reformation was a disaster imposed by government on people that didn’t want it and wrecked parish life. His case study was Morebath, Devon

What did the act of conformity fo on a social level?

by making the 2nd Book of common prayer compulsory it strengthened national uniformity in worship and reducing regional variation

How long did it take to implement the secondbook of common prayer (1552)?

it removed all remaining catholic references, making services fully Protestant in doctrine and tone, achieved within 2 years

What did the 42 articles of religion set out?

a clearly Zwingian doctrine of justification by faith alone and denied transubstantiation confirming the shift to continental Protestantism

What were parishes slow at doing?

remained visually conservative, stone altars were iften replaced by wooden tables very slowly, showing limited popular enthusiasm

What was in the 1549 Parl?

• 1st Act Uniformity and 1st BCP​, BCP written by Cranmer but goes through modifications in Parl – eg original denied Transub but modified to say ‘the Body of Christ’. HOL responsible for modifications​, Prots = not happy eg Hooper, Ridley. Gardiner agreed with 1st BCP so shows it was still fairly Cath

What was in the May 1550 Parl?

• new Ordinal imposed (ordination service ) due to being agreed in Nov 1549 Parl

What was in the November 1549 parl?

• Conservatives intro a bill to remove the prot bits from Act of Uni , Bill is discussed but not passed​, Act to reform Canon Law discussed in HOL – Bishops all voted against it (except for 1)​ Acts passed against images in the Churches – passed easily in HOC but more opp in HOL = passed only by 8 votes

What was in the July 1547 parl?

• Cranmer reissued Crom injunctions and ​Homilies – went against Act of 6 Arts – Gardiner complained – ​goes against HVIII will – nothing to change till Ed = 18yrs. ​Gardiner sent to Fleet Prison , later Tower where he stays for most of Eds reign. ​Bonner also complained , 3 other Bishops resigned = Exeter, Chichester, Worcester​ So V IMPT = 5 Bishops GONE from HOL​ New Prots put in their place.​ Som slow to call Parl as busy with FP and Scot

What was in the Nov 1547 parl?

• Religion not main focus but Treason Law = passed also ​

repeals 6Arts Parl intro topic of Relig in Parl – so shows Parl wants the ​change – initiative for change didn’t come

What was in the Jan 1552 parl?

• Act passed limiting Holy Days – passed easily – no opp​, Various attempts at 2nd Act of Uni 1552​, Passes easily each time in the HOC​, More debate in HOL​, 3 peers and 2 Bishops voted against it, Other bills discussed in HOL , Eg Bill to end Simony (Prot Bill)​, Bill to remove priests wives (RC Bill)​None of these are passed