CHS YR 12 AT1 - power and authority
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Survey AT1: an overview of the peace treaties which ended World War I and their consequences The rise of dictatorships after World War I AT1: the conditions that enabled dictators to rise to power in the interwar period AT1: an overview of the features of the dictatorships that emerged in Russia, Italy, Japan The Nazi Regime to 1939 AT1: the rise of the Nazi party and Hitler in Germany and the collapse of the Weimar Republic AT1: the initial consolidation of Nazi power 1933–1934 AT1: the nature of Nazi ideology (AT1 uses only) League of Nations and the UN
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72 Terms
What does the Pneumonic SaiNTS stand for?
Four major treaties (other than ToV)
Saint Germain (with Austria)
Neuilly (with Bulgaria)
Trianon (with Hungary)
Sevres (with Turkey)
What does the Pneumonic FLEM stand for?
Four major outcomes of WW1
Five peace treaties
League of Nations
Europe is carved up
Made Iraq, Lebannon, Syria and the Laid.
When was the ToV signed?
28 June 1919
How many pages and articles in the ToV?
240 pages, 440 articles
Who signed the ToV for Germany?
two german delegates on behalf of presidents friedrich ebert SPD
Which article pf ToV forced Germany to demilitarise the rhineland?
Article 42-45 & article 180 of ToV
Which Article forbid Germany from combining Austraia
80, this was ignored by hitler when Anchluss occured
Which key ToV article limited Germany’s military size? What was the army and navy reduced to?
articles 159-163, army to 100,000 and navy to 15,000
Which article of the ToV is the war guilt clause
Article 231
Who signed the Treaty of st-germain-en-laye and when?
Austria signed on the 10 September 1919
Dissolved Austro-Hungarian empire. + reparations + army limit to 30,000 men
Who signed the Treaty of Trianon and when?
Hungary signed on 4 June 1920
Territory lost and army limited 35,000
Who signed the Treaty of Neuilly and when?
Bulgaria signed on the 27 November 1919
lost territory, army 20,000 men
Who signed the Treaty of Sevres and when?
Ottoman Empire signed on 10 August 1920
army limited to 50,000 men
Who signed the Treaty of Lausanne and when?
Signed by Turkey on 24 July 1923
Previously turkey was part of the ottoman empire
removed restrictions placed on turkey.
Authoritarianism:
a form of government or regime marked by strong centralised government and limited political freedoms.
Totalitarian:
a regime in which all power and every aspect of the state is controlled by one party or individual.
When was Mussolinis March on Rome + what was his movement called
October 1922, League of Combatants
Which Russian secret police started forced labour camps, and how many died.
The OPGU (1923) - 18 Million imprisoned, 1.7 million died.
When did Stalin establish the USSR
1922
When did Benito Mussolini gain complete dictorial cotnrol
1924
What was Italy’s decret police called, and how many members?
the OVRA - 50,000 members
When did Hideki Tojo become dictator
October 1941
When was the Kapp Putsch and who led it?
March 1920, Wolfgang Kapp - mutiny against gov.
How many political assassinations were there during the Weimar republic?
350 political assassinations
When did Hitler become leader of the NSDAP
1921
Weimar constitution: Article 25 significance
President could apppoint/dimiss the chancellor at any time
Weimar constitution: Article 48 significance
President has emergency powers in time of crisis - the right to close parliament and issue decree.
This is undemocratic and if misused undermines democracy
This article was nicknamed the ‘suicide clause’
Who was the first preident of Weimar
Friedrich Ebert
When was the WW1 armistice signed?
11/11/1918
What date did the German Reparations Committee announce failure to deliver coal/timber supplies.
26th Dec 1922 —> French/belgium occupation of Ruhr.
How many marks were in circulation by 1923
663 billion marks by 1923
By 1923, how many trade union members worked full time?
By the end of 1923, only 29.3% of trade union members worked full-time
When was the Munich Beer Hall Putsch
November 9th 1923 - attempt to overthrow the Bavarian Gov.
how many people died in the Munich Beer Hall Putsch
16 nazis and 4 police
Who was Stresemann?
chancellor who saw the republic out of 1923 and helped deal with the hyperinflation.
What was the Dawes Plan?
An economic plan by US gov + Stresseman to make Germans payments more manageable.
A loan of $800 million from the US.
would stop frenhc/belgium ruhr occupation
When was the SS formed
1925
When was the first Nuremburg Rally
1927
NSDAP membership from 1928-1929
Party membership grew from 100,000 Oct 1928, to 150,000 a year later.
The young plan?
1929 after stock market crash, plan so that German reparations would be reduced and then make annual payments on a sliding scale until 1988.
When was the Locarno Pact signed?
Signed in London by Stresemann on Dec 1st 1925
What was the Locarno pact?
A treaty of mutual guarantte between coutnries that bordered Germany - no invasion.
When was Germany admitted to the LoN
1926
In 1928 how many were unemployed/seat —> jan 1933
May 1928: 650,000 unemployed, Nazi had 12 seats → Jan 1933: 6,100,000 unemployed, Nazi had 288 seats.
When does the NSDAP become the largest party.
July 1932, with 37.27% of vote.
When was Hitler made chancellor.
30th Jan 1933
when was the Reichstag fire
27th February 1933
Which communist was found at the centre of the recihstag fire?
Marinus Lubbe, a Dutch council communist, was the apparent culprit;
what did the reichstag Fire decree allow?
Hitler can do whatever neccesary to protect people - suspension of constituional freedoms.
When does Joseph Goebbels join cabinet?
After the march 1933 elections, on 13th March - becomes minister for Propaganda and Enlightenment.
when was the Potsdam ceremony?
21st March 1933
opening of new recihstag after fire
when were the Gestapo established
March 1933 - Begin the ‘2-o’clock-knock’ program which is a myth that the Gestapo will show up at 2 a.m. and take the men away.
When was the enabling act passed and by how many votes
23rd March 1933
Passed by 444 votes to 94
Which Law effectively banned communism, allowing hitler to conduct raids.
Law for the Seizure of Communist Assests (may 1933)
which law prevented old politicans from making new parties and coming back?
Law against the establishment of aprties (July 1933)
When does the Reichstag completely fall apart
14th February 1934, Law of Abolition of the Reichstag
How many men are in the SA when the night of long knives occurs.
3 million men
When was the night of long knives
30 june 1934 - 2 july 1934
How many were killed in the Rohm putsch
150+ murdered, hundreds more arrested.
When does hindenburg die?
August 2nd 1934
What is Androcentrism
superiority of men in running society
What does herrenvolk mean?
the master race
Fuhrereprinzip
The belief that as Fuhrer, Hitler was the supreme ruler who encapsulated the nations spirit and all areas of the regime
Autarky
the belief that the Nazi nation should be entirely economically self-sufficient.
Social Darwinism:
an evolutionary view of race
Saw the ARYAN RACE as the most evolved and thus the most superior of all races
Jewish race fell very low on the scale
weltanschauug
world view
Volk and Volksgmeinschaft
people of the aryan race, the community that comes with it
Grossdeutschland
greater Germany
Blut and Boden
Blood and soil
Lebensraum
Living space
When was Japans invasion of manchuria (year)
1931-1932
what years was Italy’s invasion of Abyssinia
1935-1936.