Work/ Employment (STEP)

Satisfaction

1. Brinkley et al.

• young women = more likely to be employed in low paid/ skilled work compared to 20 years ago, legislation changes, difficult for youth to work e.g. work = less common for 16yos, assumption for most to be in education, employers = less keen to employ youth full-time, gov no longer paying unemployment benefit to 16-18yos, age inequality

2. Gig Economy

• youth = more likely to work in gig economy, 66% = aged 16-30, + flexibility for youth in education, lack of entitlement to basic company employee rights/ benefits e.g holiday/ sick pay, job insecurity, pressure to obtain gig employment, lack of choice, age inequality

Top Jobs

1. MORI Survey/ Gannon

• older people = less likely to be offered well-paid jobs/ suffer low pay/ sidelined as they near retirement, - earning potential in final years, most vulnerable = single female pensioners (25% live on low income), age inequality

• older women, ‘doubly disadvantaged’, discrimination, lack of opportunities, gender roles, patriarchal hierarchy, glass ceiling e.g. 1/3 of top jobs, reduced status after menopause/ ‘past it’ in both economic value/ sexual capital/ ability to reproduce, age inequality

2. Arber & Ginn

• older people, big contribution to economy via unpaid work e.g. caring for grandchildren/ volunteering for charities, high worth/ input, rarely valued, age inequality

Employment Opportunities

1. Garrod (NEETs)

• 950,000 youth 16-24 not in employment/ education/ training, companies offer zero hour contracts to youth, no other option (= more likely to be unemployed), e.g. ONS 2019 gender differences with + male NEETs/ - female NEETs, age inequality

2. Resolution Foundation

• youth = more vulnerable to varying job market e.g. 1/3 (highest proportion) aged 18-24 lost work due to coronavirus in 2020 lockdown, age inequality

Pay/ Income

1. National Minimum Wage

• youth = more likely to earn less/ with less wealth stored, nmw in 2024 = £6.40 per hour for 18-20yos/ £11.44 for 21+, youth = more likely to be employed/ exploited/ cheaper to hire, age inequality

2. Independent

• millenials born early 80s - late 90s = disadvantaged economically post-financial crisis/ earn less than they predicted when younger/ not entered career they hoped for (ONS) e.g. ½ of 16/17yos expected to earn £35k by 30 with a degree/ £25k without, avarage salary of a 30yo in 2017 = £23,700, lower wages, fewer chances for career progression, age inequality