Post-test 1 (cells)

Main parts of human body cell

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

Organelles

Additional structures of a cell that carry out metabolic functions necessary to maintain a cell

Plasma membrane

Made of a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins. Some embedded proteins act as channels that are specific for individual molecules and act as gatekeepers that allow only certain molecules in and out, making it selectively permeable.

Nucleus

The most prominent organelle in the cell and is spherical in appearance. It is protected by a double membrane and contains genetic material in the form of the nucleic acid DNA. This DNA encodes for all the proteins necessary for the cell and in turn, the organism to carry out its life functions.

Mitosis

Cell division in eukaryotes that produce two daughter cells, each with the same chromosome number as the parent cell

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A cell organelle containing ribosomes that synthesizes and processes proteins in the cell and is involved in their folding and modification to be sent to the Golgi complex.

Ribosome

The site of the synthesis of the protein that is encoded by the DNS in the nucleus and can be found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Has no ribosomes and functions as the site of lipid production and storage

Golgi complex

Once proteins are made on the ribosome of the rough ER, they are packaged in parts of the membrane into vesicles and transported to the ______. The protein vesicles fuse with the _____, where they are modified, packaged, and transported to where they are needed. “Manufacturing and shipping part of the cell”. Also responsible for packaging digestive enzymes within vesicles. These are called lysosomes and are necessary for cellular metabolism

Mitochondria

Changes food energy into useable cellular energy via the process known as cellular respiration. The useable cell energy is ATP. Aka “powerhouse of the cell”

Mitosis

Cells duplicate for tissue growth and repair and divide into two identical daughter cells through a series of stages including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Prophase

Chromosomes condense, and visible chromosomes appear with spindle fibers forming, and the nuclear envelope begins to break down.

Metaphase

Chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plate, preparing for separation.

Anaphase

Chromosomes are pulled apart to the poles. Cell division begins as the sister chromatids separate.

Telophase

Two nuclei form. Daughter cells separate The final stage of mitosis where the chromosomes decondense and the nuclear envelopes re-form.

Meiosis

The nucleus of a germ cell divides, and then each part divides again (two fissions), producing four gametes, or sex cells. Each sex cell has half the genetic information of the original germ cell and supplies half the genetic information for sexual reproduction.

Interphase

DNA replicates in preparation for cell division, and the cell grows and performs normal functions.

Meiosis I

It is the first division in meiosis where homologous chromosomes are separated, resulting in two haploid cells, each with half the original chromosome number.

Prophase I

Homologous chromosomes pairup and exchange genetic material through crossing over, preparing for separation during Meiosis I.

Metaphase I

Homologous chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plate before being separated.

Anaphase I

Homologous chromosomes pull to opposite ends of the cell during Meiosis I, ensuring each daughter cell receives one chromosome from each pair.

Telophase I

Nuclear membranes form as the cell separates into two. The first meiotic division concludes, resulting in two haploid cells.

Meiosis II

The second division of meiosis, where sister chromatids separate, resulting in four haploid daughter cells.

Prophase II

Daughter cells contain half the chromosomes of the original cell. During this phase, the chromosomes condense and become visible, and the nuclear envelope begins to break down.

Metaphase II

Chromosomes align. Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres, positioning them at the cell's equatorial plane.

Anaphase II

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cells. This phase ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes. The separation of chromatids is crucial for genetic variation.

Telophase II

Nuclear membranes form as the two cells separate into four haploid daughter cells.

Epithelial tissue

Covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and serves as a protective barrier (skin)

Connective tissue

Connects other tissues to each other and serves to bind and support body parts

Muscle tissue

Moves the body and its contents by contraction

Nervous tissue

Receives stimuli from the internal or external environment and communicates through electrical impulses with the rest of the body

Organ

Consist of two or more different tissues and have a specific shape and function

Skin

An organ on the outside of the body that is made of all four tissue types, and its main function is that it acts as a protective barrier

Kidney

An internal organ with a definite shape consisting of epithelial, connective, and nervous tissue. Its main function is to recycle nutrients and filter wastes from the blood.

Respiratory system

Performs the function of exchanging CO2 for O2 with the coordinated effort of the organs of the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm.

Digestive system

Breaks down and processes food through using mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas