basic organic chemistry

what is organic chemistry

the study of structure, properties, composition, reactions and preparation of carbon containing compounds

how many electrons does carbon have in its outer shell and therefore how many bonds can it form

4

what is a hydrogcarbon

compound containing only hydrogen and carbon

what is a saturated hydrocarbon

A hydrocarbon containing only single-bonded carbon atoms.

what is an unsaturated hydrocarbon

A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms and containing at least one carbon carbon double bond

define homologous series

A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

what is the functional group

the part of an organic molecule responsible for chemical reactions

name the first 10 alkanes

methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane

what does aliphatic mean

containing carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains

what does alicylic mean

containing carbon atoms joined together In rings that are not aromatic

what does aromatic mean

containing one or more benzine ring

what is an Alkane

the hydrocarbon homologous series with single carbon to carbon bonds that generalise the formula CnH2n+2

what is an alkene

The hydrocarbon homologous series with at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

what is an alkyne

the hydrocarbon homologous series with at least one triple carbon to carbon bond

what is an alkyl group

A side chain formed by removing a hydrogen atom from an alkane parent chain

what is the general formula

the simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series. eg. CnH2n+2

what is the empirical formula

the formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound

what is the molecular formula

the formula that shows the number and type of atoms of each elements present in a molecule

what is the structural formula

a formula that shows the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

what is the displayed formula

a formula showing the relative positing of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them

what is the skeletal formula

A simplified organic formula, with hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.

what is a structural isomer

molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

how do you name an alkane

-all have the suffix -ane
-idnetify the longest continuous chain of carbon
-identify any allyl groups
-add numbers to show the position of the alkane group

where do commas go and where do dashes go

-commas go between numbers
-dashes go between number and name

how do you name alicylic alkane

-note the continuous number of chain
-add the prefix cyclo

how do you name an alkene

-suffix would be -ene
-find the longest continuous chain of carbon
-between which carbons is the double bond
-use the smaller carbon number and put it in the middle of prefix and suffix in dashes

what is an alkene function group

C=C

what is an alcohol functional group

-OH

what is a haloalkane functional group

-Cl, -Br, -I

what is the aldehyde functional group

-CHO

what is the ketone functional group

-C(CO)C-

what the carboxylic acid functional group

-COOH

what is the ester functional group

-COO

what is the acyll chloride functional group

-COCl

what is the amine functional group

-NH2

what is the nitrate functional group

-CN

what is the suffix for alkenes

-ene

what is the suffix and prefix for alchohol

hydroxy- and -ol

what is the prefix for a haloalkane

chloro-, bromo-, ido-

what is the suffix for aldehydes

-al

what is the suffix for ketones

-one

what is the suffix for carboxylic acids

-aic acids

what is the suffix for esters

-oate

what is the suffix for acyl chloride

-oyl chloride

what is the prefix and suffix for amine

amino-
-amine

what is the suffix for nitrate

-nitrate

how do you name an alcohol

-suffix is ol
-identify the longest chain of carbon
-which carbon atoms is the functional group -OH is on
-seperate all the componets by dashes

how do you name an aldehyde

-functional group is -al
-what is the longest chain of carbon atoms
-combine suffix and stem but you dont need numbers

how do you name a compound with multiple functional group

-identify longest carbon chain
-identify functional groups and where they are
-you write them in alphabetical order
-write the number, then a dash for prefix then another dash then number then prefix and then the suffix

where can you find lots of strucytal isomers

in the alkane homologous series as they contain compounds that have the same functional group at different positions on the carbon chain

which two functional groups tend to be isomers

ketones and aldehydes as they have the same molecular formulas

what are the arrangement and bond angles of alkanes

tetrahedral, bond angle of 109.5

what happens as the chain length of alkanes increases

boiling point increaces

why does boiling point increase as chain length increase

-molecules have a larger suface area
-there is more surface contact between the molecules
-so there are greater London forces which takes more energy to overcome