NA revision: presidents

FD Roosevelt

1933-45 POL: signed Indian Reorganization act 1934, appointed John Collier as commissioner of Indian affairs ECO: funded Native communities through new deal SOC: ended assimilation policies like Dawes act

Kennedy

1961-63 POL: rejected termination policy ECO: new frontier policy= expanded funding for native education/job training.

LBJ

1963-69 POL: message to congress ‘The Forgotten Americans’, ECO: Great society policy and ‘war on poverty approach’. created National Council on Indian Opportunity SOC: encouraged Native self-determination

Nixon

1969-74 POL: renounced policy of Termination in message to congress in 1970, appointed louis Bruce jnr (NA) as commissioner of Indian affairs ECO: closed boarding schools 1972, returned Blue Lake to Taos pueblos 1970 SOC: supported Indian self-determination/economic assistance act.

General Ford

1974-77 POL: signed Indian Self-determination and education assistance act 1975 ECO: allowed tribes to manage funds given

Calvin Coolidge

1923-29 POL: signed Indian Citizenship Act 1924 SOC: commissioned the Meriam report 1928 to reveal the horrors of NAs

Truman

1945-53 POL: POL: believed in assimilation, supported reducing tribal sovereignty ECO: cut federal support on reservations to force urbanisation.

andrew johnson

1865-69 POL: saw natives as ‘wards of state’, favoured treaties (e.g FL treaty 1868) and military involvement. ECO: allowed white westward expansion

theodore roosevelt

1901-09 POL: strong supporter of dawes act, supported fed control over NA reservations. SOC: expanded NA boarding schools

Herbert Hoover

1929-33 POL: supported the Meriam report ECO: limited action during great depression

Eisenhower

1953-61- POL: continues assimilation policy- ‘House Concurrent Resolution 108’ 1953- officially terminated tribes. ECO: cut some funding increase in unemployment

Reagan

1981-89 POL; ‘native capitalism’- wanted Natives to make own money/businesses. ECO; due to ‘Reaganomics’-cut huge fundings= limiting resources for reservations.

Cleveland

1885-89, 1893-97 POL: supported Dawes act ECO: accelerated land loss/poverty