ABPSYCH CH. 2

Multidimensional Integrative Approach

A holistic view of psychopathology.

Genes

DNA segments influencing traits and behavior.

Diathesis-Stress Model

Disorders arise from genetic vulnerability plus stress.

Vulnerability

Susceptibility to developing a disorder.

Gene-Environment Correlation Model

Genes influence exposure to environments that trigger disorders.

Epigenetics

Environmental factors influencing gene expression.

Neuroscience

The study of the nervous system and brain function.

Neuron

A nerve cell transmitting signals in the brain.

Action Potentials

Electrical signals in neurons.

Terminal Button

The end of a neuron that releases neurotransmitters.

Synaptic Cleft

The gap between neurons where neurotransmitters pass.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers in the brain.

Excitatory

Neurotransmitters that increase neural activity.

Inhibitory

Neurotransmitters that decrease neural activity.

Hormone

Chemical messengers in the bloodstream affecting behavior.

Brain Circuits

Pathways of neurons influencing behavior and emotion.

Agonist

A substance that enhances neurotransmitter effects.

Antagonist

A substance that blocks neurotransmitter effects.

Inverse Agonist

A substance that produces effects opposite to a neurotransmitter.

Reuptake

The reabsorption of neurotransmitters after signal transmission.

Glutamate

An excitatory neurotransmitter.

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

An inhibitory neurotransmitter reducing anxiety.

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter affecting mood, sleep, and behavior.

Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)

A neurotransmitter involved in alertness and stress response.

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter linked to pleasure, motivation, and movement.

Microbiota

Gut bacteria influencing mental health.

Brain-Gut Connection

Interaction between digestive and nervous systems affecting mood.

Cognitive Science

The study of thought processes and learning.

Learned Helplessness

Passive behavior after repeated failure.

Modeling (Observational Learning)

Learning through observing others.

Prepared Learning

Evolutionary learning advantages.

Implicit Memory

Unconscious memory influencing behavior.

Fight or Flight Response

Automatic response to danger.

Emotion

A complex psychological state influencing behavior.

Mood

Long-term emotional state.

Affect

Immediate emotional expression.

Circumplex Model

A framework for categorizing emotions.

Equifinality

Different paths leading to the same outcome.