Industrialization, Global Conflicts, and Political Theories

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers historical figures, terminology, and key events from the mid-19th century through the mid-20th century, including World Wars, economic crises, and political ideologies.

Karl Marx

Analyzed the relationship between owners and workers, viewed capitalism as an unjust great sin, and believed society could only transition through violence.

Thomas A. Edison

Began using new resources in industry and Took the British lead by applying electricity to homes.

Industrialization

The process that quickened the transition from rural life to urban life, where individuals found solutions to production problems.

Otto von Bismarck

The builder of modern Germany who believed in one faith, one law, and one ruler; he initially imprisoned Catholic priests but later repealed most anti-Catholic laws.

Kaiser

A term meaning "Emperor" in German history.

Bundesrat

The upper house of the German legislature after the year $1871$.

Reichstag

The lower house of the German legislature after the year $1871$.

Eastern Question

The geopolitical problem regarding what to do with the declining Ottoman Empire, which remained unanswered after Russian attempts failed.

Triple Alliance

An alliance formed in $1882$ consisting of Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary.

Triple Entente

An alliance between England, France, and Russia that entered World War I in $1914$.

Central Powers

A group including Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire known for strong generals and discipline that mobilized $21$ million men.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The heir to the Austrian throne who was shot on his way to Sarajevo.

Gavrilo Princip

One of $7$ young terrorists who shot Archduke Franz Ferdinand in an effort to create a greater Serbia.

Fourteen Points

The plan created by Woodrow Wilson intended to maintain peace after World War I.

Reparations

The specific payments Germany was required to make for damages caused during World War I.

October 29, 1929

Known as Black Tuesday, the date of the U.S. stock market crash.

Herbert Hoover

The U.S. President during the Great Depression who was blamed for the business collapse and the worst depression in national history.

League of Nations

An international peacekeeping and humanitarian organization created in $1919$ at the Paris Peace Conference.

Autarky

The goal of total economic self-sufficiency and freedom from depending on other nations.

Zinoviev Letter

A document claiming that communists were planning a revolution within Britain.

The New Deal

A pragmatic program focused on relief, recovery, and reform to address the Great Depression.

Alsace-Lorraine

A territory that changed control multiple times due to conflict between France and Germany.

No-Man's Land

The dangerous area between trenches in World War I where British and French soldiers suffered massive losses.

Lusitania

A British luxury liner sunk by a German submarine, resulting in more than $1,000$ deaths including approximately $100$ Americans.

Ivan Pavlov

A scientist famous for "conditioned reflexes" and animal studies that helped establish the basis for behaviorism.

Sigmund Freud

An Austrian neurologist who created psychoanalysis and emphasized the role of the unconscious and innate drives in human behavior.

Modernism

A fragmented movement that reacted against the past and released writers, artists, and musicians from traditional rules.

Nine Power Treaty

An agreement including Belgium, China, the Netherlands, and Portugal to respect the sovereignty of China.

Red Menace

A popular nickname used to refer to the Soviet Union.

Appeasement

A policy of avoiding conflict by giving in to German demands and seeking "mutual understanding."

Stalin

The leader of the Soviet Union who dissolved many collective farms in hopes that private ownership would return.

Danzig

A free city under the jurisdiction of the League of Nations with a majority German population.

Haile Selassie

The leader who appealed to the League of Nations for help before his army was crushed by Italy.

Pact of Steel

The military alliance established between Mussolini's Italy and Hitler's Germany.

Anti-Comintern Pact

A pact between Japan, Italy, and Germany directed specifically against communism and the Soviet Union.

Isolationism

The U.S. policy between $1935$ and $1937$ aimed at avoiding involvement in the conflicts of other nations.

Anschluss

The German word for "joining," used to describe the union of Germany and Austria.

Bourgeoisie

A term referring to the middle class.

Communism

A belief system advocating for the end of private property where the community owns production and goods are distributed based on needs.