Spencer 24

New immigrants

Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who formed a recognizable wave of immigration from the 1880s until 1924

Political Machines

A term used to describe political organizations that flourished in urban centers—such as Tammany Hall in New York—that captured the immigrant vote by promising them municipal jobs

Settlement house

Mostly run by middle-class native-born women

Liberal Protestants

Members of a branch of Protestantism that flourished from 1875 to 1925 and encouraged followers to use the Bible as a moral compass rather than to believe that the Bible represented scientific or historical truth. Many liberal Protestants became active in the "social gospel" and other reform movements of the era.

Tuskegee institute

A normal and industrial school led by Booker T. Washington in Alabama. It focused on training young black students in agriculture and the trades to help them achieve economic independence. Washington justified segregated vocational training as a necessary first step on the road to racial equality

Land-grant collages

Colleges and universities created from allocations of public land through the Morrill Act of 1862 and the Hatch Act of 1887. These grants helped fuel the boom in higher education in the late nineteenth century

Pragmatism

A distinctive American philosophy that emerged in the late nineteenth century around the theory that the true value of an idea lay in its ability to solve problems. The pragmatists thus embraced the provisional

Yellow journalism

A scandal-mongering practice of journalism that emerged in New York during the Gilded Age out of the circulation battles between Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World and William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal. The expression has remained a pejorative term referring to sensationalist journalism practiced with unethical

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

An organization founded in 1890 to demand the vote for women. the organization argued that women should be allowed to vote because their responsibilities in the home and family made them indispensable in the public decision-making process. During World War I

Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Founded in Ohio in the 1870s to combat the evils of excessive alcohol consumption

Realism

Mid-nineteenth-century movement in European and American literature and the arts that sought to depict contemporary life and society as it actually was

Naturalism

An offshoot of mainstream realism

Regionalism

A recurring artistic movement that, in the context of the late nineteenth century, aspired to capture the peculiarities, or "local color," of America's various regions in the face of modernization and national standardization.

City beautiful movement

A turn-of-the-century movement among progressive architects and city planners

Worlds Colombian exposition

Americans saw this world's fair

Jane Addams

(1860-1935) founded the Hull House

Charles Darwin

(1809-1882) A British naturalist whose 1859 book On the Origin of Species outlined a theory of evolution based on natural selection

Booker T. Washington

(1856-1915) As head of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama

W. E. B. Du Bois

(1868-1963) A Harvard-educated leader in the fight for racial equality

Joseph pulitzer

(1847-1911) A publisher whose newspapers

William Randolph Hearst

(1863-1951) A newspaper magnate who started by inheriting his father's San Francisco Examiner and ultimately owned newspapers and magazines published in cities across the United States. He was largely responsible for the spread of sensationalist journalism. The Hearst Corporation still owns dozens of newspapers

John Dewey

(1859-1952) A leader of the pragmatist movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

Carrie Chapman Catt

(1859-1947) A leader of the revived women's suffrage movement

Horatio Alger

(1832-1899) The writer of dozens of novels for children

Mark Twain

(1835-1910) A satirist and writer

Henry james

(1843-1916) Expatriate novelist and brother of philosopher William James. A master of "psychological realism

Winslow homer

(1836-1910) Boston-born artist who excelled in portraying New England's pastoral farms and swelling seas in the native realist style.

Augustus Saint-Gaudens

(1848-1907) Irish-born sculptor who immigrated to America and produced some of the nation's finest beaux arts sculptures

Fredrick law olmstead

(1822-1903) Journalist and leading American landscape architect. His landmark designs include New York's Central Park

French scientist Louis Pasteur and English physician Joseph Lister

French scientist Louis Pasteur and English physician Joseph Lister, From Pasteur came the word pasteurize; from Lister came Listerine.;

Volstead Act

A federal act enforcing the Eighteenth Amendment

Eighteenth Amendment

This constitutional amendment prohibited the manufacture

"Greatest Show on Earth."

Ran by Phineas T. Barnum and James A. Bailey