Storyline 5 (Lesson 1-7) Revision Packet

How does a single frog embryo become an adult frog?

It grows through various stages where the number of cells increases dramatically

What is the diameter of a human egg cell?

130 micrometres (μm)

How much larger is a frog egg compared to a human egg?

It is approximately 200 times larger

What is the estimated diameter of a frog egg cell?

26,000 micrometres.

What does a single fertilized egg cell contain?

All the instructions needed to direct the development of the embryo into a complete adult.

Which cell type is generally larger?

Eukaryotic cells (5-100 μm).

In which cell type are membrane-bound organelles absent?

Prokaryotic cells

Where is the genetic material located in a Eukaryotic cell?

Inside a membrane-bound nucleus.

Do both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes?

Yes, but they are smaller in prokaryotic cells

Which cell type is always unicellular?

Prokaryotic cells

Which three features are found in plant cells but NOT animal cells?

Cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole

What is the function of the cell membrane?

To act as a boundary for the cell (found in both animal and plant cells)

Which organelle is often called the "powerhouse" of the eukaryotic cell?

Mitochondria

What are two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

Rough ER (RER) and Smooth ER (SER).

Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

Ribosomes.

Flagellum

A tail-like structure used for movement, specifically labeled in the prokaryotic (bacterium) model

Plasmids

Small, circular DNA molecules found in prokaryotic cells

Cell Capsule:

The outermost layer of a bacterium that provides protection

Murein Cell Wall

The specific type of cell wall found in prokaryotic cells like bacteria

Lysosomes

small organelles filled with enzymes to break down waste in eukaryotic cells

Centrioles

Structures in animal cells that help with cell division

What is asexual reproduction?

Reproduction from one parent producing identical offspring.

What does differentiate mean?

The process by which cells become specialized in structure and function.

What does specialized mean (in cells)?

Having a specific structure suited to a particular function.

What are tissues?

Groups of similar, specialized cells that work together to perform a function.

What are Organs?

Structures made of different types of tissues working together.

What are organ systems?

Groups of organs that work together to carry out major body functions.

What is the external environment (of a cell)?

The surroundings outside the cell membrane.

What does inefficient mean in the context of cells?

Not working effectively — unable to meet the cell's needs.

What is embryonic development?

The growth and development of an organism from a fertilized egg (embryo stage).

What is a protein?

A molecule made of amino acids that performs structural and functional roles in the cell.

What are nucleotides?

The building blocks of DNA and RNA, each made of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

What is gene regulation?

The process of turning gene expression on and off to control which proteins a cell makes.

How do organisms grow from a single cell?

Through mitosis (cell division) followed by cell differentiation.

What is the correct order of biological organization?

Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism

What is comparative embryology?

The study of similarities in embryo development across different species — used as evidence for evolution.

Every living organism starts as how many cells?

One cell

What process do cells use to divide and multiply?

Mitosis

What are the two main reasons cells divide instead of growing larger?

1. . Surface area-to-volume ratio problem 2. DNA overload

What is volume of a cell?

The amount of substance (cytoplasm, organelles) inside the cell.

What happens to surface area vs. volume as a cell grows?

Volume increases faster than surface area, making the cell inefficient at exchanging nutrients and waste.

Why is a large cell inefficient?

Its surface area is too small relative to its volume to efficiently move nutrients in and waste out.

What are the 5 types of chromosomal mutations?

Deletion, Duplication, Translocation, Inversion, Nondisjunction

What are the 3 types of point mutations?

Missense, Silent, Nonsense

Where does translation occur?

Ribosomes

What are the 3 types of RNA?

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

What is the Central Dogma?

DNA--> RNA--> Protein

Why do cells divide instead of growing larger?

Surface area-to-volume ratio + DNA overload

What is a frameshift mutation?

A mutation that shifts the reading frame of codons, changing all amino acids after the mutation point.

What is a mutation?

A change in the DNA sequence

What is a substitution mutation?

One nitrogenous base is replaces by a different base

What is a missense mutation?

A substitute that changes the amino acid coded for-- alters protein funciton.

what is a nonsense mutation?

A substitution that creates a premature stop codon-- protein is cut short.

What are the steps of translation?

1. mRNA attaches to a ribosome. 2. Ribosome reads mRNA codons starting at AUG. 3. tRNA molecules bring matching amino acids to each codon. 4. Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds. 5. When a stop codon is reached, the ribosome releases the completed polypeptide.

What does translation produce?

A polypeptide chain (protein)

What is the purpose of translation?

To read the mRNA codons and assemble amino acids into a polypeptide (protein).

What is a covalent bond?

A strong chemical bond — holds the sugar-phosphate backbone together.

What is the correct order of biological organization?

Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism

What are the three types of RNA and their functions?

mRNA (carries instructions), tRNA (brings amino acids), rRNA (makes up ribosomes)

What base pairing rules apply in DNA?

A pairs with T; C pairs with G (Chargaff's rules)

What are the four DNA bases?

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytotsine (C), Guanine (G)

What is the difference between an undifferentiated cell and differentiated cell?

Undiffrentiated cells (stem cells) can become any cell type. Differentiated cells have specialized into a specific type.

Why doesn;t DNA leave the nucleus?

DNA is protected in the nucleus. mRNA is made as a copy to carry instructions to the ribosomes.

What is gene regulation and why is it important?

The process of turning genes on and off. It allows cells with identical DNA to differentiate into specialized types.

Still learning (14)

You've begun learning these terms. Keep up the good work!