User Expereince Design Midterm prep

What does the term “human-centered design” mean?

To understand the people you are desining for.

In UX design the single most important skill you can develop is to:

Learn to observe.

According to Don Norman, what is the chief duty of machines and the people who design them?

To understand people.

What does qualitative usability testing require?

Observing others use your designs so you can quickly improve it.

What does quantitative usability testing require?

Careful and rigorous scientific methods to ensure outcomes are correct.

Of all teh design considerations that need to be addressed, which one does human-centered desgin focus on?

Making things that are understandable and usable.

What does a signifier do?

It communicates to someone where action should take place

List four of the fundamental principles of interaction:

Affordances, Mapping, Signifiers, Feedback.

What of the following does a pencil afford?

Plugging up a pencil-sized hole.

What does usability testing requrie?

Watching people actually use the thing being tested.

The term affordance referes to…

The relationship between an object and an agent.

What does Natural Mapping mean?

Controls are designed to be positioned and look like what they do.

Feedback communicates..

The results of an action.

Signifiers are important to design because they can

Communicaw what actions are possible and where to perfomr them.

When should you begin usability testing your project?

As early as possible, usually as soon as you have some sketches.

T/F Conceptual Models must be both accurate and completely helpful.

False

For Feedback to be effective it must occure

Immediately.

UX desgners are most concerned abou the Conceptual Model created in the mind of the ….

Person using a product.

Natural Mapping should eliminate the need for

Labels

Designers must effecty communicate the relationship between a control and it’s

outcome.

The rwo interaction elements that help us bridge the Gulf of Evaluation (EVAL) are:

Feedback, A good conceptual model

Most human behavior is the result of…

Subconscious processes

While corssing what Don Norman calls the Gulf of Execution (EXE), a person is really trying to…

Figure out how something worksHu

man emotion works to:

Assign value to things

The four interaction elements that help us bridge the Gulf of Execution (EXE) are:

Signifiers, Constraitns, Natural Mapping, and A good conceptural model

Human cognitions works to:

Make sense of the world

While crossing what Don Norman calls the GUlf of Evaluation (EVAL), a person is really trying to …

FIgure out what just happened as a reslt of their interaction

A script that provides context for someon in a usability test and gives them something to accomplish is called a….

Scenario

Jakob Nielsen from the Nielsen Norman Group recommend that you find how many volunteers for each usability test?

FiveE

fforts to discover the real reason behind an activity is called

Root cause analysis

When we have difficulty using everyday objects we often blame….

Ourselves

Error Messages usually

Signify a problem but not a clear solution.

When people have difficulty using a product, designers can…

recognize these difficulties as signifiers that require preoduct improvement.

When we perform an action expecting a result but nothing happens, we will usually

Repeat the action

Conceptural Models are formed because we

Innately want to find explanations for things.

The information that helps answer questions of exection is called

Feedforward

Usually when someone struggles to use everyday things, they should blame

poor design

Causa Relations are created when:

A personal expereinces two similar events.

According to Don Norman, a Conceptual Model is a

Story

T/F According to Done Norman, we should be able to do most things without thinking about what we are doing.

True

Knowledge in the head refers to…

Knowledge stored in our human memory system

Knowledge in the world refers to

Memory aids that use signifiers, constraints, and natural mapping

Procedural knowledge is

Largely subconscious

Imprinting information into long-term memory requires…

Time and Effort

We lean to distinguish items in a group from one another by

Identifying the most basic distinguishing features

Knowledge of facts and rules is called

Declarative knowledge

Memorty of just the present is referred to as..

Short-term memory

It’s not a good idea to allow observers into the same room as your user test participant because..

Observers tend to interfere with the user test.

The purpose of user test debriefing meeting is to…

Focus finite resources on fixing the most serious problems first.

Getting other stakeholders to watch your usability testing is important because

Watching usability testing will ehlp them realize that their users don’t think like they do.

Conventions govern….

Acceptable social behavior.

Interlocks, Lock-ins, and lockouts are all examples of…

Constraints

Design is the successive application of…

Constraints

Choosing to use string to mark rows for planting while gardening and to tie a package together when preparing to mail something is an example of the tool’s use being defined by…

Semantic Constraints.

Why do designers often go astray when developing new products?

They tend to push aesthetic first.

When encountering an interface for the first time we need to figure out…

What to do and where to do it.

Physical cosntraints are directly related to…

Affordances

What are the four diffrent classes of constraints…

Cultural, Semantic, Logical, and Physical

Following steps to complete an online purchase is an example of…

An interlock

A convention is..

A constraint

For designers, sound should often be considered as a

Signifier

Making new things resemble the old things they are replacing is

One way to overcome people’s fear ofnew things.

T/F: Conventions are affordances

False

Standardization is useful because

It requires people to only learn a system once

Conventions are important to design because they

Discourage some activities and encourage others.

If you want a faucet handle to be pushed

Make it look like it should be pushed

It is sometimes better to ignore conventions when

The new design is vastly superior to the old

In design, consistency is virtuous because

It allows people to transfer their understanding of one system to another

People often fail to see the merits of a new design because

Change requires them to set aside conventions and learn new systems

…. provides the context that help us interpret percieved affordances

Cultural conventions

T/F: If the system lets you make an error, it is badly designed.

True

Errors are most likely to occur when…

People are required to behave unnaturally

A slip happens when

The action someone intended to perform isn’t the one they actually perform

A mistake happens when

The goal established by someone is incorrect

Memory-lapse errors are usually caused by

Interruptions

To fix a problem, we need to

Admit that the problem exists

T/F: Social pressure is often a major culprit in error-making

True

Expert users are more likely to

Make slips

Slips are usually caused by

Not paying attention

A machine that requires precisions and perfection is an example of

Machine-centered design

Poka-yoke is Japanese for

Error proofing

Multitasking causes

Inefficiency

T/F: Slips are usually more difficult to detect than mistakes.

False

Novice users are more likely to make…..than experts are

Mistakes

Interruption is the number one cause of

Memory-lapse errors

The most powerful tool for minimizing the effects

The undo command

T/F: Good design forces people to pay attention to everything they do

False

Errors often go unreported because

People are susceptible to social presure

In general it’s bad design to impose a rigid sequential structure to checklist

TRue

Checklists are powerful tools in recovering from

Interruptions

The process AND philosophy of designing to ensure that the end product is both understandable and usable for the people being designed for is called

Human-centered design

Applied ethnography is

A form of observation used by designers

Good designers NEVER begin a new project by

Trying to solve the problem given them

T/F: When user testing, it’s best to test 20-30 individuals per session

False

T/F: Designers should learn how to fail often and quickly

True

Iterating means

Repeating a series of design steps until the correct solution is reached

Converging on a final design solution

Happens after divering to explore many possible design solutions

Successful design hinges on

Discovering the real problem.

One of the most valuable tools for idea generation is to

Ask questions about everything

In the double-diamond design process, the discovery phase is a form of

Divergence