(5) Energy Unit Study (REMASTERED)

for energy unit in biology

What’s the purpose of photosynthesis?

To convert solar energy into stored chemical energy (glucose)

Does photosynthesis require oxygen?

No

Where does photosynthesis occur in the cell?

Chloroplast

What are the reactants for photosynthesis?

• Carbon dioxide = 6 CO₂

• Water = 6 H₂O

• Light

What are the products created during photosynthesis?

• Glucose = C₆H₁₂O₆

• Oxygen = 6 O₂

What type of cell/organism does photosynthesis?

• Plants

• Some protists (Euglena and algae)

• Some bacteria (ex. Cyanobacteria but they don’t have chloroplasts)

How much ATP’s are produced during photosynthesis?

0

What is the purpose of aerobic respiration?

Stored chemical energy (glucose) is broken down to release usable energy (ATP)

Does aerobic respiration require oxygen?

Yes

Where does aerobic respiration occur in the cell?

Mitochondria

What are the reactants needed for aerobic respiration?

• Glucose = C₆H₁₂O₆

• Oxygen = 6 O₂

What are the products created during aerobic respiration?

• Carbon dioxide = 6 CO₂

• Water = 6 H₂O

• 36 ATP

What type of cell/organism does aerobic respiration?

• All eukaryotes

• Aerobic bacteria (no mitochondria)

What type of organisms can perform aerobic respiration? What organelle must these organisms contain?

Eukaryotes. They must contain mitochondria.

How much ATP are produced during aerobic respiration?

36

What is the purpose of lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation?

To convert some stored chemical energy(glucose) into a little ATP

Does either lactic acid fermentation or alcoholic fermentation require oxygen?

No

Where does both lactic acid fermentation or alcoholic fermentation occur in the cell?

Cytoplasm

What is the reactant for both lactic acid fermentation or alcoholic fermentation?

• Glucose = C₆H₁₂O₆

What are the products created during lactic acid fermentation?

• Lactic acid

• 2 ATP

What types of organisms/cells perform lactic acid fermentation?

Human muscles cells and some anaerobic bacteria

What are the products created during alcoholic fermentation?

• Ethyl alcohol

• Carbon dioxide = CO₂

• ATP

What type of cell/organism does lactic acid fermentation?

• Some anaerobic bacteria

• Ex. Human muscle when low on oxygen

What type of cell/organism does alcoholic fermentation?

• Some anaerobic bacteria

• Ex. Yeast (unicellular fungi)

What is the amount of ATP produced for both lactic acid fermentation or alcoholic fermentation?

2

Chlorophyll

Green pigment that absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light; reflects green light; most abundant pigment is chlorophyll a and b.

Where in a plant can you find the most amount of chloroplast?

Leaf

Accessory pigments

Helps absorb additional wavelengths of light for more photosynthesis; ex. carotenoids (absorbs violet and blue-green light)

Equations for photosynthesis?

• Word Equation:

Carbon dioxide + water + light ——> glucose + oxygen

• Chemical Formula:

6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + light ——> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

What are some factors that affect photosynthesis?

• Temperature

• Light

• Carbon Dioxide

How does temperature affect photosynthesis?

As the temperature increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases as well, until it reaches an optimal temperature, and then the rate decreases, due to the denaturing of the enzymes.

How does light affect photosynthesis?

As light intensity increases, so does the rate of photosynthesis and then the rate flatlines.

How does carbon dioxide affect photosynthesis?

As the CO₂ levels increases, so does the rate of photosynthesis and the rate flatlines.

What are the two main types of cellular respiration?

• Aerobic respiration

• Anaerobic respiration

Equations for aerobic respiration

• Word Equation:

Glucose + oxygen ——> carbon dioxide + water + 36 ATP

• Chemical Formula:

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ ——> 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + 36 ATP

Where does glucose and oxygen travel through into the cell through the cell membrane?

• Oxygen travels through the phospholipids

• Glucose travels through the protein channels since its a large molecule

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine triphosphate

What 3 things are ATP’s composed of?

• Adenine

• Ribose

• 3 Phosphates

Function of ATP?

• Energy-carrying molecule that fuels cellular processes, such as muscle cell contraction, beating of cilia and flagella.

Where is the most amount of energy stores in an ATP molecule?

The phosphate bonds

ATP-ADP Cycle

A process where ATP loses a phosphate bond and turns into  ADP and turns back into ATP after gaining a phosphate bond.

Analogy for ATP and ADP?

ATP is like a rechargeable battery, and ADP is the same battery, but low in charge due to its missing phosphate group.

Two types of anaerobic respiration?

• Lactic acid fermentation

• Alcoholic fermentation

What is the word equation for lactic acid fermentation?

• Word equation:

Glucose ——> lactic acid + 2 ATP

What is the word equation for alcoholic fermentation?

• Word equation:

Glucose ——> Ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide + 2 ATP

Parts of a chloroplast?

• Outer membrane - self explanatory

• Inner membrane - also self explanatory

• Lamellae

• Stroma

• Thylakoid

• Granum

Parts of a mitochondria?

• Outer membrane

• Inner membrane

• Cristae - The folds

• Matrix - The very inside of the folds

• DNA - The circular squiggly looking thingies

• Ribosomes - The small dots

Why is the inner membrane of the mitochondria folded?

To have more surface area to make ATP.

How does the third phosphate in ATP reattach itself?

By breaking down glucose from food.